The enterohepatic circulation reabsorbs bile salts in the distal portion of the small intestine (ileum). All of the following about enterohepatic circulation are true except one.
A. Reabsorbing bile salt in the ileum gives more time to emulsify
B. The reabsorption of bile salts allows them to be reused within new bile
C. all components of bile are recycled by this circulation
Which of the following is the best illustration of the difference between metabolism and digestion?
Metabolism comprises all of the chemical reactions performed within the body while digestion is only the breakdown of food within the GI tract
Which of the following is least involved in the mechanical breakdown of food, digestion or absorption of nutrients?
esophagus
Which of the organs listed below is involved in all of the following processes: secretion, mechanical breakdown of food, digestion and absorption?
Stomach
Which of the following is the best explanation of the benefit in the digestive system having the largest collection of MALT at the distal end of the small intestine?
The huge numbers of bacteria living in the large intestine must be prevented from entering the lumen of the small intestine and being absorbed with food's nutrients into the bloodstream
Bile salts bind at their hydrophobic regions to large fat globules within the chyme that enters the duodenum. Bile salts break up the fat globule into smaller fat droplets. The role of bile salts is best described as ___
lipid emulsification
A doctor consulting a patient that recently has had their gallbladder removed would likely advise ___
eating foods that are low in fat
All but one of the following is a function of low pH found in the stomach. Select the one that does not reflect a role of stomach acid
the stomach's acid catabolically breaks down food stuffs in preparation for absorption
Fat absorption through the plasma membrane of epithelial cells ____
occurs by simple diffusion because lipids are able to penetrate the hydrophobic fatty acid tails within the plasma membrane
Select the best explanation for why protease enzymes are secreted in inactive forms
The cells producing inactive enzymes are themselves protected from the enzymes until they are safely within the lumen of the GI tract
Select the description that illustrates a difference between a sphincter and circular muscle
a sphincter is a thickening of circular muscle that can prevent movement of digesting materials while circular muscle is involved in propulsion digesting material
In the enteric nervous system, a long reflexive pathway has an advantage over a short reflexive pathway in the fact that ___
long reflexive pathways can be stimulated by the outside of the GI tract
Know: Alkaline tide
when parietal cells are appropriately stimulated, H+ is actively pumped into stomach lumen by H + -K+ ATPases (proton pumps).
As acid is pumped into the stomach, base HCO3 - is exported into the blood. this flow of base is called the alkaline tide
The sight of food can trigger a series of events that results in the release of gastric juice. All but one of the following is true in regards to #12.
The motor nerves of this pathways are part of the the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
All of the following are true of swallowing (deglutition) except one.
The epiglottis assists in propelling food into the trachea.
Some antacid drugs block histamine receptors, resulting in reduction of the production and excretion of stomach acid. these drugs have the biggest effect on which of the following?
Parietal
Generally the hormones secretin and cholecystokinin which are released by duodenal enteroendocrine cells will ___
Slows the activities of the stomach
Know: Hepatopancreatic sphincter
...
Small intestine is ___
a major organ of digestion and absorption
Generally the hormones secretin and cholecystokinin which are released by duodenal enteroendocrine cells will ___
increase the release of digestive enzymes and bile
Know: Peyer's patches
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Select the one response below that would not result from a drug that blocks histamine receptors in the cells lining the stomach
A. it would lower the activity of parietal cells
B. would reduce symptoms of heartburn
C. it would cause the release of secretin and cholecystokinin
D. would raise pH
Proteins entering the stomach act as a buffer raising pH. Rising pH stimulates the activity of G-cells in the lining of the stomach. all of the following but one will occur.
A. More stomach acid will be produced and secreted
B. Digestive enzymes will be released
C. Protein digestion will be enhanced
D. A positive feedback response will be initiated and G-cell activity will continue to go up
Know : Teneae coli, haustra, epiploicc appendages
...
The mechanical and chemical receptors that control the digestive activity are located ___
in the walls of the tract organ
The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to
collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing in the liver
the chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called ___
digestion
When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called ___
chemical digestion
The sheets or peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called ___
mesenteries
From the esophagus to the anal canal, the wall of every organ are made up of the same 4 basic layers. arrange them in order from the lumen
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
Which of the following is not a factor that helps create the stomach mucosal barrier?
A. thick coating of bicarbonate-rich mucus
B. tight junctions of epithelial mucosa cells
C. replacing of damaged epithelial mucosa cells
D. secretion fo pepsinogen
What part of the tooth bears the force and resists the friction of chewing?
enamel
The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the ____
Lamina propria
Choose the incorrect statement regarding bile.
A. Bile is both an excretory product and a digestive secretion
B. Bile functions to emulsify fats
C. Bile functions to carry bilirubin formed from breakdown to worn-out RBCs
D. Bile contains enzymes for digestion
The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available fuel for neurons and blood cells is ____
Glucose
Which of the choices below is NOT a fate of carbohydrate taken into the body?
A. ATP production
B. Lipogenesis
C. Amino Acid synthesis
D. Direct conversion to a nucleic acid
E. Glycogenesis
Which of the following is the major role of leptin in the body?
Protect against weight loss during nutritional deprivation
Cholesterol, though is NOT an energy molecule, has importance because it ___
is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones
Which of the following best describes a complete protein?
Must contain all the body's amino acid requirements for tissue maintenance and growth
The term metabolism is best defined as ___
the sum of all biochemical reactions in the body
Anabolism includes reactions in which _____
larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones
The primary function of cellular respiration is to ___
break down food molecules and generate ATP
lipogenesis
synthesis of lipid from glucose or amino acids
Lipolysis
splitting of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids
beta oxidation
conversion of fatty acids into acetyl groups
ketogenesis
formation of ketone bodies
The term basal metabolic rate reflects the _____
energy need
When proteins undergo deamination, the waste substance found in the urine is mostly ___
urea
Gluconeogenesis
formation of glucose from proteins or fats
Glycogenolysis
break down of glycogen to release glucose
Glycogenesis
storage of glucose in the form of glycogen
Glycolysis
break down of glucose to pyruvate
Lipogenesis occurs when ___
cellular ATP and glucose levels are high
It is important to be ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because ___
most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help he body utilize essential nutrients
Glycogen is formed in the liver during the ___
period when the metabolic rate is lowest
Which of the following is normal consequence of the activation of the heat-promoting center?
release of epinephrine
Conduction
heat transfer into the chair you are sitting on
Convection
Heat exchange when you are under a ceiling fan
Radiation
heat loss in the form of infrared waves
Evaporation
heat loss during sweating
Which of the following mechanisms produces the most ATP during cellular respiration/
oxidative phosphorylation
What is the outcome of ketosis?
metabolic acidosis
Which of the following is the best explanation for why the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) contain so many mitochondria?
a great deal of active transport takes places in the PCT
Which of the choices below is the salt level-monitoring part of the nephron?
macula densa
What is the most direct functin of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidney
Select the correct statement about urinary system development
kidneys develop from the urogenital ridges
In the ascending limb of the nephron loop the ___
thick segment moves ions ions out into the interstitial space for reabsorption
Which of the choices below is not a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise pH?
by secreting sodium ions
Excretion of dilute urine requires ___
impermeability of the collecting tubule to water
Which of the choices is not a glomerular filtration rate control method?
electrolyte levels
If one says the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does this mean?
normally the reabsorption
GFR ***********
...
The factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the ___
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
Which of the choices below are the most important hormone regulators of electrolyte reabsorption and secretion?
angiotensin II and aldosterone
Which of the hormones below is responsible for facultative water reabsorption?
ADH
What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal?
Net filtration would decrease
Which of the following best describes kidney function in older adults (70 years or older)?
kidney function decrease due to kidney atrophy
Which of the choices below is function of the nephron loop?
form a large volume of very dilute urine or small volume of very concentrated urine
C = UV/P
...
Which of the following is the correct sequence of the sequence of kidney development in the embryo?
pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros
Which of the followin is not true regarding tubular reabsorption?
it is a purely passive transport process
Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by ___
secondary active transport
Which of the following hormone is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentration in extracellular fluid?
aldosterone
Respiratory acidosis can occur when ___
a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction
Which of the following not a part of the juxtaglomerular complex?
podocyte cells