front 1 Which parts of the respiratory system function as the main sites of gas exchange? primary bronchi | back 1 alveoli |
front 2 Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation? coryza | back 2 emphysema |
front 3 Hypoxia can be caused by ______. hyposecretion of erythropoietin | back 3 hyposecretion of erythropoietin |
front 4 The olfactory mucosal lining of the nasal cavity contains the receptors for the sense of smell. True | back 4 True |
front 5 What is ventilation-perfusion coupling? matching the amount of oxygen exchanged for carbon dioxide in the
alveoli to the exchange at the tissue level | back 5 matching the amount of gas reaching the alveoli to the blood flow in pulmonary capillaries |
front 6 During normal quiet breathing, approximately 750 ml of air moves into and out of the lungs with each breath. True | back 6 False |
front 7 The alveolar ventilation rate is the best index of effective ventilation. True | back 7 True |
front 8 Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange? alveolar ducts | back 8 Aveoli |
front 9 The __________ is also known as the "guardian of the airways." epiglottis | back 9 epiglottis |
front 10 Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________. filtration | back 10 diffusion |
front 11 What is the most immediate driving force behind pulmonary ventilation? smooth muscle contraction | back 11 intrapulmonary pressure change |
front 12 Which of the choices below is not a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin? partial pressure of carbon dioxide | back 12 number of RBC |
front 13 The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the ________. concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower
at high altitudes | back 13 concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes |
front 14 The respiratory membrane is a combination of ________. respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs | back 14 alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes |
front 15 The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is to ________. trap dust and other debris | back 15 Secrete surfactant |
front 16 Dalton's law states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture. True | back 16 True |
front 17 _________, the difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures, prevents the lungs from collapsing. Transthoracic pressure | back 17 Transpulmonary pressure |
front 18 Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________. protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other
environmental variations | back 18 interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid |
front 19 Which of the following is not an event necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2? internal respiration | back 19 blood PH adjustment |
front 20 Which of the following does not influence hemoglobin saturation? carbon dioxide | back 20 nitric oxide |
front 21 Emphysema is distinguished by permanent shrinkage of the alveoli. True | back 21 False |
front 22 Which of the following initiates inspiration? diencephalon | back 22 Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG) |
front 23 Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement? solubility in water | back 23 partial pressure gradient |
front 24 Which of the following pressures rises and falls with the phases of breathing, but eventually equalizes with the atmospheric pressure? intrapulmonary pressure | back 24 intrapulmonary pressure |
front 25 Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ________. porous structure of turbinate bones | back 25 ciliated mucous in the lining of the nose |
front 26 Smoking diminishes ciliary action and eventually destroys the cilia. True | back 26 True |
front 27 Which volumes are combined to provide the inspiratory capacity? expiratory reserve volume (ERV) + residual volume (RV) | back 27 tidal volume (TV) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) |
front 28 Tracheal obstruction is life threatening. True | back 28 True |
front 29 Which of the following qualifies as a fully saturated hemoglobin molecule? hemoglobin is transporting three oxygen molecules | back 29 hemoglobin is transporting four oxygen molecules |
front 30 Emphysema can result in an ______. increased level of carbaminohemoglobin | back 30 All listed answers are correct |
front 31 Possible causes of hypoxia include ________. getting very cold | back 31 too little O2 in the atmosphere |
front 32 Which muscles are activated during normal quiet inspiration? diaphragm and internal intercostal muscles | back 32 diaphragm and external intercostal muscles |
front 33 Which of the following pressures must remain negative to prevent lung collapse? atmospheric pressure | back 33 intrapleural pressure |
front 34 The factors responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall are ________. surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the
pleural cavity | back 34 surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity |
front 35 Which of the following gives the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas? Boyle's law | back 35 Boyle's law |
front 36 Why is a patient with tuberculosis often noncompliant with treatment? TB infection causes damage to the nervous system, resulting in
changes in personality and judgment. | back 36 Due to the length of treatment, the patient may stop taking the medication when they start to feel better |
front 37 Which center is located in the pons? expiratory center | back 37 Pontine respirator group (PRG) |
front 38 Intrapleural pressure is normally about 4 mm Hg less than the pressure in the alveoli. True | back 38 True |
front 39 Which of the following is NOT a physical factor that influences pulmonary ventilation? lung compliance | back 39 partial pressure of O2 in the air |
front 40 The paired lungs occupy all of the thoracic cavity. True | back 40 False |
front 41 Which of the following is NOT a function of the larynx? to provide a patent airway | back 41 to assist in taste sensation |
front 42 Tidal volume is air ________. remaining in the lungs after forced expiration | back 42 exchanged during normal breathing |
front 43 Because the lungs are filled with fluid during fetal life, which of the following statements is true regarding respiratory exchange? Respiratory exchanges are made through the ductus
arteriosus. | back 43 Respiratory exchanges are made through the placenta. |
front 44 What part of the larynx covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing to keep food out of the lower respiratory passages? epiglottis | back 44 epiglottis |
front 45 Which of the following statements is incorrect? Respiratory rate is lowest in newborn infants. | back 45 Respiratory rate is lowest in newborn infants. |
front 46 What determines the respiratory rhythm in the body? Hering-Breuer stretch reflexes | back 46 medullary respiration centers |
front 47 The major nonelastic source of resistance to air flow in the respiratory passageways is ________. friction | back 47 Friction |
front 48 What type of epithelial tissue forms the walls of the alveoli? simple squamous epithelium | back 48 simple squamous epithelium |