Which parts of the respiratory system function as the main sites of gas exchange?
primary bronchi
trachea
alveoli
terminal bronchioles
alveoli
Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation?
coryza
pneumonia
tuberculosis
emphysema
emphysema
Hypoxia can be caused by ______.
hyposecretion of erythropoietin
having a fever
slightly
elevated level of lactic acid in the blood
All of the listed
responses are correct.
hyposecretion of erythropoietin
The olfactory mucosal lining of the nasal cavity contains the receptors for the sense of smell.
True
False
True
What is ventilation-perfusion coupling?
matching the amount of oxygen exchanged for carbon dioxide in the
alveoli to the exchange at the tissue level
matching the amount
of blood flow through the body to the amount of oxygen in the air
sacs
matching the amount of gas reaching the alveoli to the blood
flow in pulmonary capillaries
matching the amount of gas reaching
the alveoli to pO2 and pCO2 values in the blood
matching the amount of gas reaching the alveoli to the blood flow in pulmonary capillaries
During normal quiet breathing, approximately 750 ml of air moves into and out of the lungs with each breath.
True
False
False
The alveolar ventilation rate is the best index of effective ventilation.
True
False
True
Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange?
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
alveoli
respiratory bronchioles
Aveoli
The __________ is also known as the "guardian of the airways."
epiglottis
glottis
larynx
vestibular folds
epiglottis
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________.
filtration
osmosis
active transport
diffusion
diffusion
What is the most immediate driving force behind pulmonary ventilation?
smooth muscle contraction
air sac
contraction
intrapulmonary pressure change
environmental stimuli
intrapulmonary pressure change
Which of the choices below is not a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin?
partial pressure of carbon dioxide
number of red blood
cells
temperature
partial pressure of oxygen
number of RBC
The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the ________.
concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower
at high altitudes
concentration of oxygen and/or total
atmospheric pressure is higher at higher altitudes
basal
metabolic rate is higher at high altitudes
temperature is lower
at higher altitudes
concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes
The respiratory membrane is a combination of ________.
respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs
alveolar and
capillary walls and their fused basement membranes
respiratory
bronchioles and alveolar ducts
atria and alveolar sacs
alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes
The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is to ________.
trap dust and other debris
secrete surfactant
replace
mucus in the alveoli
protect the lungs from bacterial invasion
Secrete surfactant
Dalton's law states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture.
True
False
True
_________, the difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures, prevents the lungs from collapsing.
Transthoracic pressure
Intraalveolar
pressure
Transpulmonary pressure
Atmospheric pressure
Transpulmonary pressure
Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.
protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other
environmental variations
warming the air before it
enters
humidifying the air before it enters
interfering with
the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface
tension of alveolar fluid
interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid
Which of the following is not an event necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2?
internal respiration
external respiration
blood pH
adjustment
pulmonary ventilation
blood PH adjustment
Which of the following does not influence hemoglobin saturation?
carbon dioxide
temperature
nitric oxide
BPG
nitric oxide
Emphysema is distinguished by permanent shrinkage of the alveoli.
True
False
False
Which of the following initiates inspiration?
diencephalon
pontine respiratory centers
ventral
respiratory group (VRG)
dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)
Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?
solubility in water
the temperature
partial pressure
gradient
molecular weight and size of the gas molecule
partial pressure gradient
Which of the following pressures rises and falls with the phases of breathing, but eventually equalizes with the atmospheric pressure?
intrapulmonary pressure
transpulmonary
pressure
atmospheric pressure
intrapleural pressure
intrapulmonary pressure
Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ________.
porous structure of turbinate bones
abundant blood supply to
nasal mucosa
action of the epiglottis
ciliated mucous lining
in the nose
ciliated mucous in the lining of the nose
Smoking diminishes ciliary action and eventually destroys the cilia.
True
False
True
Which volumes are combined to provide the inspiratory capacity?
expiratory reserve volume (ERV) + residual volume (RV)
tidal
volume (TV) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) + expiratory reserve
volume (ERV) + residual volume (RV)
tidal volume (TV) +
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) + expiratory reserve volume
(ERV)
tidal volume (TV) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
tidal volume (TV) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Tracheal obstruction is life threatening.
True
False
True
Which of the following qualifies as a fully saturated hemoglobin molecule?
hemoglobin is transporting three oxygen molecules
hemoglobin is
transporting four oxygen molecules
hemoglobin is transporting two
oxygen molecules
hemoglobin is transporting one oxygen molecule
hemoglobin is transporting four oxygen molecules
Emphysema can result in an ______.
increased level of carbaminohemoglobin
increased level of
deoxyhemoglobin
increased likelihood of the skin of Caucasians
developing a slightly blue coloration
All of the listed responses
are correct.
All listed answers are correct
Possible causes of hypoxia include ________.
getting very cold
taking several rapid deep
breaths
obstruction of the esophagus
too little oxygen in
the atmosphere
too little O2 in the atmosphere
Which muscles are activated during normal quiet inspiration?
diaphragm and internal intercostal muscles
diaphragm and
external intercostal muscles
scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, and
pectoralis minor muscles
oblique and transversus muscles
diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
Which of the following pressures must remain negative to prevent lung collapse?
atmospheric pressure
intrapleural pressure
transpulmonary
pressure
intrapulmonary pressure
intrapleural pressure
The factors responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall are ________.
surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the
pleural cavity
the visceral pleurae and the changing volume of
the lungs
the smooth muscles of the lung
the diaphragm and
the intercostal muscles alone
surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity
Which of the following gives the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas?
Boyle's law
Haldane effect
Dalton's law of partial
pressures
Henry's law
Boyle's law
Why is a patient with tuberculosis often noncompliant with treatment?
TB infection causes damage to the nervous system, resulting in
changes in personality and judgment.
Due to the time length of
treatment, the patient may stop taking the medication when they start
to feel better.
Due to the psychological side effects of the
antibiotic used, the patient may stop taking the medication when they
start to feel better.
Due to the physiological side effects of
the antibiotic used, the patient may stop taking the medication when
they start to feel better.
Due to the length of treatment, the patient may stop taking the medication when they start to feel better
Which center is located in the pons?
expiratory center
pontine respirator group
(PRG)
inspiratory center
pacemaker neuron center
Pontine respirator group (PRG)
Intrapleural pressure is normally about 4 mm Hg less than the pressure in the alveoli.
True
False
True
Which of the following is NOT a physical factor that influences pulmonary ventilation?
lung compliance
partial pressure of oxygen in the
air
airway resistance
alveolar surface tension
partial pressure of O2 in the air
The paired lungs occupy all of the thoracic cavity.
True
False
False
Which of the following is NOT a function of the larynx?
to provide a patent airway
stimulation of the "cough"
reflex
to act as a switching mechanism to route air and food into
the proper channels
to assist in taste sensation
voice production
to assist in taste sensation
Tidal volume is air ________.
remaining in the lungs after forced expiration
exchanged during
normal breathing
inhaled after normal inspiration
forcibly
expelled after normal expiration
exchanged during normal breathing
Because the lungs are filled with fluid during fetal life, which of the following statements is true regarding respiratory exchange?
Respiratory exchanges are made through the ductus
arteriosus.
Respiratory exchanges are not
necessary.
Respiratory exchanges are made through the
placenta.
Because the lungs develop later in gestation, fetuses
do not need a mechanism for respiratory exchange.
Respiratory exchanges are made through the placenta.
What part of the larynx covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing to keep food out of the lower respiratory passages?
epiglottis
thyroid cartilage
vocal folds
glottis
epiglottis
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
Respiratory rate is lowest in newborn infants.
Descent of the
diaphragm results in abdominal breathing.
During fetal life,
lungs are filled with fluid.
The chest wall becomes more rigid
with age.
Respiratory rate is lowest in newborn infants.
What determines the respiratory rhythm in the body?
Hering-Breuer stretch reflexes
medullary respiratory
centers
pontine respiratory centers
oxygen levels in the blood
medullary respiration centers
The major nonelastic source of resistance to air flow in the respiratory passageways is ________.
friction
surfactant
surface tension
air pressure
Friction
What type of epithelial tissue forms the walls of the alveoli?
simple squamous epithelium
simple cuboidal
epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium
pseudostratified
ciliated columnar epithelium
simple squamous epithelium