The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for assuring that new drugs are safe and effective before approving the drugs and allowing them to be marketed.

True

Individual drugs that represent groups of drugs are called

Prototypes

Drugs are classified according to their effects on particular body systems, their therapeutic uses, and their __________ characteristics.

Chemical

Drugs may be given for local or __________ effects.

Systemic

The goals of most pharmacoeconomic research is to identify __________ therapy regimens that provide the desired benefits at the least cost.

Drug

Phase __________ studies help to determine whether the potential benefits for the drug outweigh the risks.

III

Distribution is the method by which drugs are inactivated or biotransferred by the body.

False

Toxic concentrations may stem from a single large dose or repeated small doses.

True

Ingesting tyramine-containing foods with MAO inhibitors may produce severe hypertension.

True

Naloxone is used to relieve respiratory depression associated with morphine.

True

Hyperthyroidism slows metabolism, which shortens drug action and hastens elimination.

False

Activated __________ is considered the “universal” antedote.

Charcoal

___________ is the process that occurs from the time a drug enters the body to the time it enters the bloodstream to be circulated.

Absorption

Body weight affects drug action mainly in relation to __________.

Dose

During pregnancy drugs cross the __________ and may harm the fetus.

Placenta

__________ are used in clinical drugs trials to compare the medication being tested with a “dummy” medication.

Placebos

The fact that a physician wrote an erroneous order excuses the nurse from legal liability if he or she carries out that order

False

It is safer and quicker to utilize abbreviations for drug names and routes of administration.

False

Controlled-release tablets can be crushed or chewed for slow absorption.

False

An example of a transdermal formulation includes nitroglycerin.

True

The desired or ordered dose and the available or labeled dose must be in the same units of measurement.

True

Insulin syringes are calibrated to measure up to __________ units of insulin.

100

The term __________ refers to lumen size, with larger numbers indicating smaller lumen sizes.

Gauge

Enteric-coated tablets and capsules are coated with a substance that is __________ in stomach acid.

Insoluble

The most commonly used system of measurement is the __________ system.

Metric

Milliequivalents express the __________ activity of a drug.

Ionic

Thrombogenesis may be lifesaving when it occurs as a response to hemorrhage.

True

Heparin is absorbed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

False

Dosage of LMWHs should be reduced in patients with severe renal impairment.

True

During heparin therapy, the aPTT should be maintained at approximately 3.0 times the control or baseline value.

False

Vitamin K (Mephyton) is the antidote to aspirin.

False

__________ is considered a second-line drug for patients who cannot take aspirin.

Ticlopidine

Thrombolytic agents stimulate conversion of plasminogen to __________.

Plasmin

Protamine sulfate is a(n) __________ for standard heparin and LMWHs.

Antidote

Heparin is the anticoagulant of choice in acute __________ disorders.

Thromboembolic

___________ dosage is regulated according to the INR.

Warfarin

If the patient is postmenopausal, hormone replacement therapy can raise HDL and lower LDL.

True

Fasting is required for cholesterol testing.

False

Weight loss can decrease HDL and increase LDL.

False

Statins are potentially teratogenic medications (pregnancy category D).

True

Plasma concentration of lovastatin is increased in patients with severe renal impairment.

False

Blood lipids are transported in plasma by specific proteins called __________.

Lipoproteins

Statins inhibit an enzyme required for __________ synthesis of cholesterol.

Hepatic

Bile acid sequestrants are used mainly to reduce __________ cholesterol further in patients who are already taking a statin drug.

LDL

__________ is the most effective drug for increasing the concentration of HDL cholesterol.

Niacin

__________ are the most effective drugs for reducing serum triglyceride levels.

Fibrates

Immunizations with toxoids are permanent.

False

Immune serums are the biologic products used for active immunity.

False

Hyperimmune serums are available for varicella zoster (shingles).

True

MMR is not recommended in children with severe immunosuppression.

True

Vaccines and toxoids must be given after exposure to the pathogenic microorganism.

False

Products containing aluminum should be given __________.

Intramuscularly

Vaccines and toxoids are usually contraindicated during __________ illness.

Febrile

Persons with asymptomatic HIV infection should receive __________ vaccines.

Inactivated

Because some vaccines are administered more than once, a child may receive more than 20 injections by __________ years of age.

Two

Contracting __________ during the first trimester of pregnancy is associated with a higher incidence of birth defects in the newborn.

Rubella