Print A&P II - Ch 22,23,24 - Marieb flashcards - Easy Notecards

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A&P II - Ch 22,23,24 - Marieb

front 1 The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is to ________. A) secrete surfactant B) trap dust and other debris C) replace mucus in the alveoli D) protect the lungs from bacterial invasion	back 1 A) secrete surfactant Page Ref: 815
front 2 Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is___________. A) less than the pressure in the atmosphere. B) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere. C) equal to the pressure in the atmosphere. D) greater than the intra-alveolar pressure.	back 2 B) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere. Page Ref: 820
front 3 Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea? A) surface tension of water B) surfactant C) cartilage rings D) pseudostratified ciliated epithelium	back 3 C) cartilage rings Page Ref: 813
front 4 Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________. A) humidifying the air before it enters B) warming the air before it enters C) interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid D) protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations	back 4 C) interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid Page Ref: 823

front 5 Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange? A) alveolar sacs B) alveoli C) respiratory bronchioles D) alveolar ducts	back 5 B) alveoli Page Ref: 815
front 6 The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called ________. A) mesenteries B) lamina propria C) serosal lining D) mucosal lining	back 6 A) mesenteries Page Ref: 855
front 7 From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen. A) muscularis externa, serosa, mucosa, and submucosa B) serosa, mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis externa C) submucosa, serosa, muscularis externa, and mucosa D) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa	back 7 D) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa Page Ref: 856-857
front 8 What part of the tooth bears the force of chewing? A) crown B) enamel C) pulp D) cementum	back 8 B) enamel Page Ref: 863

front 9 The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the ________. A) muscularis mucosae B) serosa C) adventitia D) lamina propria	back 9 D) lamina propria Page Ref: 856
front 10 Which hormone causes an increased output of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice and stimulates gallbladder contraction to release bile? A) gastrin B) secretin C) cholecystokinin CCK D) gastric inhibitor peptide	back 10 C) cholecystokinin CCK Page Ref: 886
front 11 Choose the incorrect statement regarding bile. A) Bile is both an excretory product and a digestive secretion. B) Bile functions to emulsify fats. C) Bile functions to carry bilirubin formed from breakdown of worn-out RBCs. D) Bile contains enzymes for digestion.	back 11 D) Bile contains enzymes for digestion. Page Ref: 884
front 12 19) Chyme is created in the ________. A) mouth B) stomach C) esophagus D) small intestine	back 12 B) stomach Page Ref: 866

front 13 Short-chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation for absorption. Which of the following enzymes is responsible? A) rennin B) pepsin C) lipase D) cholecystokinin	back 13 C) lipase Page Ref: 897
front 14 Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of ________. A) mastication B) catabolism C) anabolism D) fermentation	back 14 B) catabolism Page Ref: 854
front 15 Select the correct statement about digestive processes. A) Enterogastrone is a hormone that helps increase gastric motility. B) Pepsin is an enzyme produced by the stomach for the purpose of starch digestion. C) Chyme entering the duodenum can decrease gastric motility via the enterogastric reflex. D) All commonly ingested substances are significantly absorbed by the mucosa of the stomach.	back 15 C) Chyme entering the duodenum can decrease gastric motility via the enterogastric reflex. Page Ref: 887, 889
front 16 Chemical digestion in the small intestine involves ________. A) a significant amount of enzyme secretion by the intestinal mucosa B) cholecystokinin (CCK), an intestinal hormone responsible for gallbladder contraction C) secretions from the spleen that contain all enzymes necessary for complete digestion D) bile salts that help emulsify carbohydrates so that they can be easily digested by enzymatic action	back 16 B) cholecystokinin (CCK), an intestinal hormone responsible for gallbladder contraction Page Ref: 886

front 17 Three digestive enzymes...	back 17 • Carbohydrases - digest carbohydrates. Includes amylase and maltase. • Lipases - break down lipids (fats and oils). • Proteases - digest proteins. Includes pepsin and trypsin.
front 18 Enzymes from the small intestine include:	back 18 • Lactase (breaks down milk sugar) • DPP IV (breaks down milk protein and other protein bonds) • Dissacharrides (breaks down some starches and sugars).
front 19 Which of the following statements best describes complete protein? A) derived from meat and fish only B) meets all the minimum daily requirements for a healthy diet C) derived only from legumes and other plant material D) must meet all the body's amino acid requirements for maintenance and growth	back 19 D) must meet all the body's amino acid requirements for maintenance and growth Page Ref: 914
front 20 The term metabolism is best defined as ________. A) the length of time it takes to digest and absorb fats B) a measure of carbohydrate utilization, typically involving measurement of calories C) the number of calories it takes to keep from shivering on a cold day D) biochemical reactions involved in building cell molecules or breaking down molecules for energy	back 20 D) biochemical reactions involved in building cell molecules or breaking down molecules for energy Page Ref: 918

front 21 The term metabolic rate reflects the ________. A) energy the body needs to perform only its most essential activities B) loss of organic molecules in urine C) energy needed to make all organic molecules D) loss of energy to perspiration	back 21 A) energy the body needs to perform only its most essential activities Page Ref: 949
front 22 When proteins undergo deamination, the waste substance found in the urine is mostly________. A) urea B) ammonia C) acetyl CoA D) ketone bodies	back 22 A) urea Page Ref: 933
front 23 It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because ________. A) vitamins provide protection against the common cold B) very few foods contain vitamins C) most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients D) all vitamins are water soluble and pass out of the body too quickly to ensure utilization	back 23 C) most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients Page Ref: 915-916
front 24 Which of the choices below describes the pathway of cellular respiration (the complete oxidation of glucose)? A) glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation B) gluconeogenesis, Krebs cycle, lipolysis C) lipolysis, glycogenolysis, beta oxidation D) glycogenesis, lipogenesis, electron transport chain	back 24 A) glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation Page Ref: 919

front 25 Anabolism includes reactions in which ________. A) carbohydrate utilization increases B) larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones C) structural proteins are used as a potential energy source D) ketone bodies are formed	back 25 B) larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones Page Ref: 918-919
front 26 Catabolism would be best described as a process that ________. A) causes a decline in circulating ketone bodies B) builds up triglycerides during the postabsorptive state C) breaks down complex structures to simpler ones D) elevates glucagon levels	back 26 C) breaks down complex structures to simpler ones Page Ref: 919
front 27 Glycolysis is best defined as a catabolic reaction based upon the ________. A) conversion of glucose into carbon dioxide and water B) conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid C) conversion of pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water D) formation of sugar	back 27 B) conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid Page Ref: 923
front 28 Select the correct statement about proteins. A) Strict vegetarians need not worry about adequate protein intake, as most vegetables are almost perfect sources of amino acids. B) Proteins can be synthesized in the body if most of the amino acids are present. C) Proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbohydrates are ingested. D) Catabolic steroids (hormones) accelerate the rate of protein synthesis.	back 28 C) Proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbohydrates are ingested. Page Ref: 914

front 29 What is Helicobacter Pylori (H. Pylori)?	back 29 Bacteria found in the inner lining of the stomach/duodenum, that causes chronic inflammation. It is a microorganism that can live in the acidic environment of the stomach.
front 30 What is the Brunner Gland?	back 30 any gland within the submucosal layer of the duodenum. Secretes an alkaline fluid into the small intestine.
front 31 What is the function of vitamins?	back 31 Vitamins are found in all major food groups and a balanced diet is the best way to ensure a full vitamin complement.
front 32 Minerals... What are the main minerals? How can you obtain these minerals?	back 32 • Calcium, Chlorine, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sodium and Sulfur • Minerals can be obtained through the following foods ... vegetables, legumes, milk, and some meats.

front 33 Lipolysis?	back 33 breakdown of stored fats into glycerol and fatty acids
front 34 Function and deficiencies of Selenium?	back 34 • Components of enzymes functions in close association with vitamin E and antioxidants • Muscle pain, heart muscle deteriation (nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and weight loss).
front 35 Messentery is...	back 35 a double layer of peritoneum that attaches to the back wall of the abdominal cavity and supports the small intestines.
front 36 Mesentery functions?	back 36 Holds organs in place; Route for blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves to connect to the organ; Stores fat.

front 37 Processes of digestion...	back 37 Ingestion, propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, defecation
front 38 7 functions of the stomach...	back 38 1) Storage of food and liquid during digestion 2) Secrete gastric juices for digestion 3) Secrete mucus while churning 4) Rugae - muscular folds allow for expansion 5) Gastric juices - hydrochloric acid and pepsin to break down protein 6) Chyme - semiliquid mixture that leaves stomach and goes to small intestine 7) Intrinsic factor - B12
front 39 3 functions of the duodenum...	back 39 1) First part of small intestines, most digestion takes place, chemicals released from liver, gall bladder (bile), and pancreas (lipase, bicarbonate, protease) 2)Contains mucus for protection 3)Muscular structure: inner circular and outer longitudinal layers
front 40 4 regions of the large intestine...	back 40 1)Cecum • Appendix 2)Colon • Ascending • Transverse • Descending • Sigmoid 3)Rectum 4)Anus

front 41 What is chyme?	back 41 a semiliquid mass of partially digested food that passes from the stomach through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum.
front 42 What is the pathway of food?	back 42 • mouth • pharynx • esophagus • stomach • small intestine • large intestine • rectum • anus