The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is to ________.
A) secrete surfactant
B) trap dust and other debris
C) replace mucus in the alveoli
D) protect the lungs from bacterial invasion
A) secrete surfactant
Page Ref: 815
Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is___________.
A) less than the pressure in the atmosphere.
B) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.
C) equal to the pressure in the atmosphere.
D) greater than the intra-alveolar pressure.
B) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.
Page Ref: 820
Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?
A) surface tension of water
B) surfactant
C) cartilage rings
D) pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
C) cartilage rings
Page Ref: 813
Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.
A) humidifying the air before it enters
B) warming the air before it enters
C) interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid
D) protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations
C) interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid
Page Ref: 823
Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange?
A) alveolar sacs
B) alveoli
C) respiratory bronchioles
D) alveolar ducts
B) alveoli
Page Ref: 815
The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called ________.
A) mesenteries
B) lamina propria
C) serosal lining
D) mucosal lining
A) mesenteries
Page Ref: 855
From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen.
A) muscularis externa, serosa, mucosa, and submucosa
B) serosa, mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis externa
C) submucosa, serosa, muscularis externa, and mucosa
D) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa
D) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa
Page Ref: 856-857
What part of the tooth bears the force of chewing?
A) crown
B) enamel
C) pulp
D) cementum
B) enamel
Page Ref: 863
The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the ________.
A) muscularis mucosae
B) serosa
C) adventitia
D) lamina propria
D) lamina propria
Page Ref: 856
Which hormone causes an increased output of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice and stimulates gallbladder contraction to release bile?
A) gastrin
B) secretin
C) cholecystokinin CCK
D) gastric inhibitor peptide
C) cholecystokinin CCK
Page Ref: 886
Choose the incorrect statement regarding bile.
A) Bile is both an excretory product and a digestive secretion.
B) Bile functions to emulsify fats.
C) Bile functions to carry bilirubin formed from breakdown of worn-out RBCs.
D) Bile contains enzymes for digestion.
D) Bile contains enzymes for digestion.
Page Ref: 884
19) Chyme is created in the ________.
A) mouth
B) stomach
C) esophagus
D) small intestine
B) stomach
Page Ref: 866
Short-chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation for absorption. Which of the following enzymes is responsible?
A) rennin
B) pepsin
C) lipase
D) cholecystokinin
C) lipase
Page Ref: 897
Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of ________.
A) mastication
B) catabolism
C) anabolism
D) fermentation
B) catabolism
Page Ref: 854
Select the correct statement about digestive processes.
A) Enterogastrone is a hormone that helps increase gastric motility.
B) Pepsin is an enzyme produced by the stomach for the purpose of starch digestion.
C) Chyme entering the duodenum can decrease gastric motility via the enterogastric reflex.
D) All commonly ingested substances are significantly absorbed by the mucosa of the stomach.
C) Chyme entering the duodenum can decrease gastric motility via the enterogastric reflex.
Page Ref: 887, 889
Chemical digestion in the small intestine involves ________.
A) a significant amount of enzyme secretion by the intestinal mucosa
B) cholecystokinin (CCK), an intestinal hormone responsible for gallbladder contraction
C) secretions from the spleen that contain all enzymes necessary for complete digestion
D) bile salts that help emulsify carbohydrates so that they can be easily digested by enzymatic action
B) cholecystokinin (CCK), an intestinal hormone responsible for gallbladder contraction
Page Ref: 886
Three digestive enzymes...
• Carbohydrases - digest carbohydrates. Includes amylase and maltase.
• Lipases - break down lipids (fats and oils).
• Proteases - digest proteins. Includes pepsin and trypsin.
Enzymes from the small intestine include:
• Lactase (breaks down milk sugar)
• DPP IV (breaks down milk protein and other protein bonds)
• Dissacharrides (breaks down some starches and sugars).
Which of the following statements best describes complete protein?
A) derived from meat and fish only
B) meets all the minimum daily requirements for a healthy diet
C) derived only from legumes and other plant material
D) must meet all the body's amino acid requirements for maintenance and growth
D) must meet all the body's amino acid requirements for maintenance and growth
Page Ref: 914
The term metabolism is best defined as ________.
A) the length of time it takes to digest and absorb fats
B) a measure of carbohydrate utilization, typically involving measurement of calories
C) the number of calories it takes to keep from shivering on a cold day
D) biochemical reactions involved in building cell molecules or breaking down molecules for energy
D) biochemical reactions involved in building cell molecules or breaking down molecules for energy
Page Ref: 918
The term metabolic rate reflects the ________.
A) energy the body needs to perform only its most essential activities
B) loss of organic molecules in urine
C) energy needed to make all organic molecules
D) loss of energy to perspiration
A) energy the body needs to perform only its most essential activities
Page Ref: 949
When proteins undergo deamination, the waste substance found in the urine is mostly________.
A) urea
B) ammonia
C) acetyl CoA
D) ketone bodies
A) urea
Page Ref: 933
It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because ________.
A) vitamins provide protection against the common cold
B) very few foods contain vitamins
C) most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients
D) all vitamins are water soluble and pass out of the body too quickly to ensure utilization
C) most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients
Page Ref: 915-916
Which of the choices below describes the pathway of cellular respiration (the complete oxidation of glucose)?
A) glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation
B) gluconeogenesis, Krebs cycle, lipolysis
C) lipolysis, glycogenolysis, beta oxidation
D) glycogenesis, lipogenesis, electron transport chain
A) glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation
Page Ref: 919
Anabolism includes reactions in which ________.
A) carbohydrate utilization increases
B) larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones
C) structural proteins are used as a potential energy source
D) ketone bodies are formed
B) larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones
Page Ref: 918-919
Catabolism would be best described as a process that ________.
A) causes a decline in circulating ketone bodies
B) builds up triglycerides during the postabsorptive state
C) breaks down complex structures to simpler ones
D) elevates glucagon levels
C) breaks down complex structures to simpler ones
Page Ref: 919
Glycolysis is best defined as a catabolic reaction based upon the ________.
A) conversion of glucose into carbon dioxide and water
B) conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid
C) conversion of pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water
D) formation of sugar
B) conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid
Page Ref: 923
Select the correct statement about proteins.
A) Strict vegetarians need not worry about adequate protein intake, as most vegetables are almost perfect sources of amino acids.
B) Proteins can be synthesized in the body if most of the amino acids are present.
C) Proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbohydrates are ingested.
D) Catabolic steroids (hormones) accelerate the rate of protein synthesis.
C) Proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbohydrates are ingested.
Page Ref: 914
What is Helicobacter Pylori (H. Pylori)?
Bacteria found in the inner lining of the stomach/duodenum, that causes chronic inflammation. It is a microorganism that can live in the acidic environment of the stomach.
What is the Brunner Gland?
any gland within the submucosal layer of the duodenum. Secretes an alkaline fluid into the small intestine.
What is the function of vitamins?
Vitamins are found in all major food groups and a balanced diet is the best way to ensure a full vitamin complement.
Minerals...
What are the main minerals?
How can you obtain these minerals?
• Calcium, Chlorine, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sodium and Sulfur
• Minerals can be obtained through the following foods ... vegetables, legumes, milk, and some meats.
Lipolysis?
breakdown of stored fats into glycerol and fatty acids
Function and deficiencies of Selenium?
• Components of enzymes functions in close association with vitamin E and antioxidants
• Muscle pain, heart muscle deteriation (nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and weight loss).
Messentery is...
a double layer of peritoneum that attaches to the back wall of the abdominal cavity and supports the small intestines.
Mesentery functions?
Holds organs in place; Route for blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves to connect to the organ; Stores fat.
Processes of digestion...
Ingestion, propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, defecation
7 functions of the stomach...
1) Storage of food and liquid during digestion
2) Secrete gastric juices for digestion
3) Secrete mucus while churning
4) Rugae - muscular folds allow for expansion
5) Gastric juices - hydrochloric acid and pepsin to break down protein
6) Chyme - semiliquid mixture that leaves stomach and goes to small intestine
7) Intrinsic factor - B12
3 functions of the duodenum...
1) First part of small intestines, most digestion takes place, chemicals released from liver, gall bladder (bile), and pancreas (lipase, bicarbonate, protease)
2)Contains mucus for protection
3)Muscular structure: inner circular and outer longitudinal layers
4 regions of the large intestine...
1)Cecum
• Appendix
2)Colon
• Ascending
• Transverse
• Descending
• Sigmoid
3)Rectum
4)Anus
What is chyme?
a semiliquid mass of partially digested food that passes from the stomach through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum.
What is the pathway of food?
• mouth
• pharynx
• esophagus
• stomach
• small intestine
• large intestine
• rectum
• anus