5) Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O2) is present or absent?
A) glycolysis
B) the citric acid cycle
C) electron transport
D) chemiosmosis
E) oxidative phosphorylation

A

6) In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis?
A) H2O, FADH2, and citrate
B) CO2 and pyruvate
C) NADH and pyruvate
D) CO2 and H2O
E) CO2 and NADH

C

7) Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ into which location in eukaryotic cells?
A) mitochondrial intermembrane space
B) cytosol
C) nucleus
D) lysosomes
E) golgi apparatus

A

8) Which of the following are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized as an energy source
in the Calvin cycle?
A) drugs and alcohol
B) ADP, i, and NADP+
C) nitrogen and sulfur
D) ATP and NADPH
E) high fructose corn syrup

D

9) When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, a process called oxigenic photosynthesis, it is a direct
by-product of _____.
A) reducing NADP+
B) the electron transfer system of cellular respiration
C) splitting water molecules
D) the electron transfer system of photosystem I
E) chemiosmosis

C

10) What is the main purpose of light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
A) to produce NAD+ for use in respiration
B) to use ATP to make glucose
C) to produce NADPH and ATP for use in the calvin cycle
D) to generate heat

C

11) In a plant cell, where are the ATP synthase complexes located?
A) nuclear membrane
B) thylakoid membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane
C) lysosomes
D) nucleaus
E) plasma membrane

B

12) Where do the enzymatic reactions of the Calvin cycle take place?
A) cytosol around the nucleus
B) stroma of the chloroplast
C) in the nucleus
D) matrix of the mitochondria
E) subdural space

B

13) What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle?
A) split water and release oxygen
B) use ADP to release carbon dioxide
C) use NAD+ to release carbon dioxide
D) synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide
E) transport RuBP out of the chloroplast

D

14) How are the light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis related?
A) The products of light-dependent reactions are used in light-independent reactions.
B) The products of light-independent reactions are used in light-dependent reactions.
C) The products of light-independent reactions must be present for light-dependent reactions to take place.
D) They are not related.

A

15) Mendel studied seven different traits in the garden pea. What genetic term is used to describe an observable
trait, such as those studied by Mendel?
A) appearance B) genotype C) haplotype D) phenotype E) category

D

16) Two plants are crossed, resulting in offspring with a 3:1 ratio for a particular trait. This ratio suggests that _____.
Drawing a punnett square will help you answer this question!
A) the particular trait shows incomplete dominance
B) the parents were both heterozygous for the particular trait
C) the parents were recessive for the trait
D) each offspring has the same alleles for each of two different traits
E) a blending of traits has occurred

B

17) When crossing an organism that is homozygous recessive for a single trait with a heterozygote, what is the
chance of producing an offspring with the homozygous recessive phenotype? Drawing a punnett square will
help you answer this question!
A) 50% B) 75% C) 25% D) 0% E) 100%

A

18) Albinism is an autosomal (not sex-linked) recessive trait. A man and woman are both of normal pigmentation,
but both have one parent who is albino (without melanin pigmentation). What is the probability that their child
will be an albino? Drawing a punnett square will help you answer this question!
A) 1/4 B) 0 C) 1 D) 1/8 E) 1/2

A

19) When Thomas Hunt Morgan crossed his red-eyed F1 generation flies to each other, the F2 generation included
both red- and white-eyed flies. Remarkably, all the white-eyed flies were male. What was the explanation for
this result?
A) The gene involved is on the X chromosome.
B) Other female-specific factors influence eye color in flies.
C) Other male-specific factors influence eye color in flies.
D) The gene involved is on an autosome, but only in males.
E) The gene involved is on the Y chromosome.

A

20) Which of the following is the meaning of the chromosome theory of inheritance as expressed in the early
twentieth century?
A) Mendelian genes are at specific loci on the chromosome and, in turn, segregate during meiosis.
B) Homologous chromosomes give rise to some genes and crossover chromosomes to other genes.
C) Individuals inherit all phenotypes based on blood type
D) No more than a single pair of chromosomes can be found in a healthy normal cell.
E) Natural selection acts on certain chromosome arrays rather than on genes.

A

21) Which of the following describes the ability of a single allele to have multiple phenotypic effects (as is the case
in Marfan Syndrome)?
A) epistasis B) incomplete dominance
C) multiple alleles D) pleiotropy

D

22) DNA contains the template needed to copy itself, but it has no catalytic activity in cells. What enzyme catalyzes
the formation of phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides in the DNA polymer being formed?
A) ribozymes B) DNA polymerase
C) deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates D) ATP

B

23) In the figure above, which is the template strand?
A) a B) b C) c D) d

A

24) The leading and the lagging strands differ in that _____.
A) the leading strand is synthesized at twice the rate of the lagging strand
B) the leading strand is synthesized in the same direction as the movement of the replication fork, and the
lagging strand is synthesized in the opposite direction
C) the lagging strand is synthesized continuously, whereas the leading strand is synthesized in short
fragments that are ultimately stitched together
D) the leading strand is synthesized by adding nucleotides to the 3 end of the growing strand, and the
lagging strand is synthesized by adding nucleotides to the 5 end

B

25) Which of the following help(s) to hold the DNA strands apart while they are being replicated?
A) DNA polymerase
B) primase
C) ligase
D) single-strand DNA binding proteins
E) nuclease

D

26) Eukaryotic telomeres replicate differently than the rest of the chromosome. This is a consequence of which of
the following?
A) the evolution of helicase enzyme
B) gaps left at the 3' end of the lagging strand because of the need for a primer
C) gaps left at the 5' end of the lagging strand
D) the "no ends" of a circular chromosome
E) DNA polymerase that cannot replicate the leading strand template to its 5

C

27) In a healthy cell, the rate of DNA repair is equal to the rate of DNA mutation. When the rate of repair lags
behind the rate of mutation, particularly when mutations occur in genes which regulate the cell cycle, what is a
possible fate of the cell?
A) RNA may be used instead of DNA as inheritance material.
B) The cell will always become healthier.
C) DNA synthesis will continue by a new mechanism.
D) The cell can be transformed to a cancerous cell.

D

28) Because of their linear (non-circular) choromosomes, telomere shortening is a problem in which types of cells?
A) only eukaryotic cells B) prokaryotes and eukaryotes C) only prokaryotic cells

A

29) Which of the following is NOT synthesized from a DNA template?
A) amino acids

B) messenger RNA

C) ribosomal RNA

D) tRNA

A

30) In the process of transcription, _____.
A) mRNA attaches to lysosomes B) RNA is synthesized
C) DNA is replicated D) proteins are synthesized

B

31) The statement "DNA -> RNA -> Proteins" _____.
A) describes viral infection B) descibes cell theory
C) is known as central dogma D) describes evolution

C

32) The HIV virus that causes AIDS is an RNA retrovirus, meaning it is made of RNA and not DNA. A retrovirus
_____.
A) makes proteins directly from RNA
B) a cellular virus that uses ribosomes to reproduce inside a living cell
C) uses reverse transcriptase to make DNA from RNA
D) uses DNA as a template in the process of translation

C

33) What does it mean when we say the genetic code is redundant?
A) A single codon can specify many types of amino acids.
B) The genetic code is different for different domains of organisms.
C) More than one codon can specify the addition of the same amino acid.
D) The genetic code is not meaningful

C

34) Which one of the following is true? A codon _____.
A) consists of four nucleotides
B) is the basic unit of the genetic code and contains 3 nucleotides
C) can code for up to four different amino acids
D) extends from one end of a tRNA molecule

B

35) The mutation resulting in sickle-cell disease changes one base pair of DNA so that a codon now codes for a
different amino acid so it is an example of a _____.
A) nonsense mutation B) missense mutation
C) silent mutation D) frameshift mutation

B

36) The core enzyme which initiates transcription and is shown in the figure above is _____.
A) RNA polymerase B) helicase C) DNA polymerase D) topoisomerase

A

37) Refer to the figure above. The mRNA in eukaryotes is smaller than the length of the gene in the DNA that codes
for it because _____.
A) post-transcriptional modification removes the exons from the mRNA
B) bases are added to the tail of the primary transcript
C) the regulatory regions (exons) of the gene are not transcribed
D) post-transcriptional modification removes the introns from the mRNA

D

38) Ribosomes can attach to prokaryotic messenger RNA _____.
A) before transcription is complete, meaning transcription and translation can occur simultaneously on a
single mRNA
B) only after replication is complete
C) only after post-transcriptional modification of the protein is complete
D) only after the primary transcript has been released from RNA polymerase

A

39) There are sixty-one mRNA codons that specify an amino acid, but only forty-five tRNAs. This is best explained
by the fact that _____.
A) competitive exclusion forces some tRNAs to be destroyed by nucleases
B) the DNA codes for all sixty-one tRNAs, but some are then destroyed
C) some tRNAs have anticodons that don't work.
D) the wobble hypothesis, which states that the rules for base pairing between the third base of a codon and
tRNA are flexible
E) many codons are never used, so the tRNAs that recognize them are dispensable

D

40) Refer to the figure above. What is the function of the AGU on the loop of the tRNA?
A) It stabilizes the gene.
B) It attaches to the amino acid.
C) It is the anticodon, and base pairs with a codon of mRNA.
D) It is the active site of this ribozyme.

C

41) Refer to the figure above. What is the function of the CCA sequence at the 3ƍ end?

A) It stabilizes the gene.B) It attaches to an amino acid. C) It is the active site of this ribozyme. D) It base pairs with the codon of mRNA.

B

42) Translation directly involves _____.
A) mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes, and DNA
B) mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes
C) tRNA, ribosomes, and DNA
D) mRNA, ribosomes, and DNA
E) mRNA, tRNA, and DNA

B

43) Regulating levels of gene expression serves an organism's survival by _____.
A) organizing gene expression, so that genes are always expressed in a given order
B) allowing environmental changes to alter a prokaryote's genome
C) allowing organisms to always express the same genes in the same quantities
D) allowing each gene to be expressed an equal number of times
E) allowing an organism to adjust to changes in environmental conditions

E

44) Which of the following levels of gene expression allows the most rapid response to environmental change?
A) translational control B) post-translational control C) transcriptional control

B

45) The greatest expression of the lac operon occurs when lactose levels are _____ and glucose levels are _____.
A) high , low B) high, high C) low, low D) low, high

A

46) The product of the lacI gene is _____.
A) an enzyme
B) the repressor
C) B-galactosidase
D) a transport protein embedded within the membrane

B

47) The arabinose operon (ara) provides a particularly interesting example of ___________ in that when arabinose is
present in the environment, the operon is transcribed.
A) negative control
B) reverse transcription
C) positive control
D) positive translation
E) push forward control

C

48) Under what condition is the AraC protein an activator?
A) The AraC protein is an activator when it is bound to lactose.
B) The AraC protein is an activator when it is bound to arabinose.
C) The AraC protein is an activator when it is bound to cyclic AMP.
D) The AraC protein is an activator when it is bound to any sugar molecule.
E) The AraC protein is an activator when it is bound to glucose.

B

49) Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains?
A) Bacteria and Archaea
B) Archaea and Monera
C) Bacteria and Protista
D) Bacteria and Eukarya
E) Eukarya and Monera

A

50) While examining a rock surface, you have discovered an interesting new organism. Which of the following
criteria will allow you to classify the organism as belonging to Prokary, not Eukarya?
A) The lipids in its plasma membrane consist of glycerol bonded to straight-chain fatty acids.
B) It is unicellular.
C) It can survive at room temprature
D) The organism does not have nucleus..
E) The organism does not have ribosomes

D