front 1 The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the | back 1 loop of henle |
front 2 urine passes through the | back 2 pelvis of the kidney to ureter to bladder to urethra |
front 3 which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle | back 3 vasa recta |
front 4 An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule of water is due to | back 4 increase in the production of ADH |
front 5 The urinary bladder is composed of____ epithelium | back 5 transitional |
front 6 The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin | back 6 by a decrease in the blood pressure |
front 7 which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system | back 7 regulates blood glucose levels and produces hormones eliminates solid, undigested wastes, and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat |
front 8 Which gland sits atop each kidney | back 8 adrenal |
front 9 cortical nephron | back 9 short nephron loop glomerulus further from the cortex-medulla junction efferent arteriole supplies peritubular capillaries |
front 10 the glomerulus differs from the other capillaries in the body in that it ____ | back 10 is drained by afferent arteriole |
front 11 The descending limb of the loop of henle | back 11 contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla |
front 12 select the correct statement about the ureters | back 12 the ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract |
front 13 the fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it | back 13 stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position |
front 14 the renal corpuscle is made up of | back 14 bowman's capsule and glomerulus |
front 15 the functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the | back 15 nephron |
front 16 the juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for | back 16 regulating the rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic blood pressure |
front 17 the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is | back 17 glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure) |
front 18 which of the following statements describes the histology of the ureters | back 18 they are trilayered (mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia) |
front 19 which of the following statements is a false statement | back 19 the male urethra serves both the urinary and reproductive systems at the same time |
front 20 which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition | back 20 the stretching of the bladder wall |
front 21 the filtration membrane includes all except | back 21 renal fascia |
front 22 the mechanism of water reabsorption by the real tubules is | back 22 osmosis |
front 23 most electrolyte absorption by the renal tubules is | back 23 hormonally controlled in the distal tubule segments |
front 24 the macula densa cells respond to | back 24 changes in solute content of the filtrate |
front 25 which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule | back 25 creatinine |
front 26 The fluid in the glomerular (bowman's) capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of | back 26 plasma protein |
front 27 alcohol acts as a diuretic because it | back 27 inhibits the release of ADH |
front 28 the function of angiotensin II is to | back 28 constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure |
front 29 A disease caused by inadequate secretion of ADH by the pituitary gland with symptoms of poluria is | back 29 diabetes insipidus |
front 30 an important characteristic of urin is its specific gravity or density, which is | back 30 1.015-1.035 |
front 31 sequence from formation of urine to its elimination from the body | back 31 the glomeruli makes filtrate most filtrate is reabsorbed into the blood substances are secreted into the filtrate |
front 32 select the correct statement about the nephrons | back 32 the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium |
front 33 What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal | back 33 net filtration would decrease |
front 34 which of the following is not a part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus | back 34 podocyte cells |
front 35 tubular reabsorption | back 35 by active mechanisms usually involves movement against an electrical and/or chemical gradient |
front 36 which of the following is not a reason why substances are either not reabsorbed or are incompletely reabsorbed from the nephron | back 36 they are extremely complex molecules |
front 37 reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by | back 37 secondary active transport |
front 38 which of the following choices is a function of loop of Henle | back 38 for a large volume of every dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine |
front 39 fetal kidneys do not have to work very hard because | back 39 the placenta allows the mother's urinary system to clear the waste from fetal blood |
front 40 which of the following best describes kidney function in older adults | back 40 kidney function decreases due to kidney atrophy |
front 41 the factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the | back 41 glomerular hydrostatic pressure |
front 42 if the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120mg/100ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230mg/100ml, the amino acid will | back 42 appear in the urine |
front 43 if one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does that mean | back 43 normally all the glucose is reabsorbed |
front 44 excretion of dilute urine requires | back 44 impermeability of the collecting tubule to water |
front 45 which of the choices below is not a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH | back 45 by secreting sodium ions |
front 46 in the ascending limb of the loop of henle the | back 46 thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption |
front 47 select the correct statement about urinary system development | back 47 kidneys develop from the urogenital ridges |
front 48 which of the choices below does not describe the importance of tubular secretion | back 48 ridding the body of bicarbonate ions |
front 49 which statement is correcdt | back 49 reabsorption of water is hormonally controlled |
front 50 What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus | back 50 help regulate blood pressure and rate of blood filtration by the kidneys |
front 51 which of the choices below is the salt level monitoring part of the nephron | back 51 macula densa |
front 52 which of the hormones below is responsible for the facultative water reabsorption | back 52 ADH |
front 53 which of the choices below is not a glomerular filtration rate control method | back 53 electrolyte level |
front 54 which of the choices below are the most important hormone regulators of electrolyte reabsorption and secretion | back 54 angiotensin II and aldosterone |
front 55 which cells of the kidne are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in solute content of the filtrate | back 55 macula densa cells |
front 56 Kidney functions/location | back 56 regulates volume of water and concentration in the body ensuring long-term acid-base balance excreting metabolic wastes and foreign substances production of EPO and renin conversion of Vitamin D to active form dimension: 12 by 6 by 13 T12 vertebra to L3 |
front 57 blood and nerve supply | back 57 right renal artery on the right side is longer because of the aorta while the left renal vein is longer because of the vena cava aorta -> renal artery -> segmental artery -> interlobar artery -> arcuate artery -> cortical radiate artery -> afferent arteriole -> glomerulus (capillaries) -> efferent arteriole -> peritubular capillaries (vasa recta) -> cortical radiate vein -> arcuate vein -> interlobar vein -> renal vein -> inferior vena cava |
front 58 nephrons | back 58 structural and functional units of the kidneys. carries out the process that forms urine |
front 59 renal corpuscle | back 59 consist of glomerulus and the bowman's capsule. The Bowman's capsule surrounds the glomerulus |
front 60 glomerulus | back 60 endothelium is fenestrated which makes it porous. allows large amounts of protein free fluid to pass from the blood into the bowman's capsule. |
front 61 glomerular capsule (bowman's capsule) | back 61 parietal layer:simple squamous epithelium. visceral layer: consist of podoctyes. filtrate enters the capsular space through the filtration slits inside bowman's capsule |
front 62 renal tubule | back 62 leaves the bowman's capsule as proximal convoluted tubule, drops into nephron loop and winds and twist again as distal convoluted tubule before emptying into collecting duct |
front 63 proximal convoluted tubule | back 63 cuboidal epithelial cells. Increases surface area and capacity for reabsorbing water and solutes from the filtrate and secreting substances into it. |
front 64 Nephron loop | back 64 descending limbs: continuous with proximal tubule and cells are similar ascending limbs |
front 65 distal convoluted tubule | back 65 cuboidal and confined to the cortex. lack microvilli |
front 66 collecting duct | back 66 principal cells: responsible for maintaining body water and salt balance intercalated cells:cuboidal cells. plays a role in maintaing the acid-base balance of blood |
front 67 classes of nephron | back 67 cortical nephrons: account for 85% of nephrons in kidneys. juxtamedullary nephrons: play an important role in the kidney's ability to produce concentrated urine. |
front 68 juxtaglomerular complex | back 68 region where the most distal portion of the ascending limb of the nephron loop lies against the afferent arteriole feeding the glomerulus contains 3 parts macula densa granular cells extraglomerular mesangial cells |
front 69 macula densa | back 69 group of tall, closely packed cells in the ascending limb of the nephron loop that lies adjacent to granular cells. They are chemoreceptors that monitor the NaCl content of the filtrate entering the distal convoluted tubule |
front 70 granular cells | back 70 in arteriolar walls. contains renin. sense the blood pressure in afferent arteriole |
front 71 extraglomerular mesangial cells | back 71 may pass regulatory signals between macula densa and granular cells |
front 72 countercurrent multiplier | back 72 fluid is flowing in opposite directions. The more NaCl the ascending limb extrudes, the more water diffuses out of the descending limb and the saltier the filtrate in the descending limb becomes. The ascending limb uses the salty filtrate left behind to raise osmolality |
front 73 coutercurrent exchanger | back 73 flow of blood through ascending and descending portion of vasa recta preserves medullary gradient by 1. preventing rapid removal of salt from the medullary interstitial space 2. removing reabsorbed water |
front 74 renal clearance | back 74 volume of plasma from which the kidney clear a particular substance in a given time (1 min). tests are done to determine GFR, which allows us to detect glomerular damage |
front 75 renal failure | back 75 filtrate formation decreases or stops completely GFR is less than 15ml/min |
front 76 chronic renal disease | back 76 GFR less than 60ml/min for at least 3 months |
front 77 ureters | back 77 convey urine from the kidneys to the bladder |
front 78 urinary bladder | back 78 stores urine temporarily. holds up to 500ml of urine. |
front 79 urethra | back 79 thin walled muscular tube that drains urine from the bladder and conveys it our of the body. |
front 80 micturition | back 80 act of emptying the urinary bladder |
front 81 pronephros | back 81 during fourth week of development, first tubule system to form |
front 82 mesonephros | back 82 second renal system |
front 83 metanephros | back 83 third system to form |
front 84 juxtamedullary nephron | back 84 long nephron loop glomerulus closer to the cortex-medulla junction efferent arteriole supplies vasa recta |
front 85 cortical nephron | back 85 short nephron loop glomerulus furter from the cortex-medulla junction efferent arteriole supplies peritubular capillaries |