The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the
loop of henle
urine passes through the
pelvis of the kidney to ureter to bladder to urethra
which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle
vasa recta
An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule of water is due to
increase in the production of ADH
The urinary bladder is composed of____ epithelium
transitional
The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin
by a decrease in the blood pressure
which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system
regulates blood glucose levels and produces hormones
eliminates solid, undigested wastes, and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat
Which gland sits atop each kidney
adrenal
cortical nephron
short nephron loop
glomerulus further from the cortex-medulla junction
efferent arteriole supplies peritubular capillaries
the glomerulus differs from the other capillaries in the body in that it ____
is drained by afferent arteriole
The descending limb of the loop of henle
contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla
select the correct statement about the ureters
the ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract
the fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it
stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position
the renal corpuscle is made up of
bowman's capsule and glomerulus
the functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the
nephron
the juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for
regulating the rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic blood pressure
the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is
glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)
which of the following statements describes the histology of the ureters
they are trilayered (mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia)
which of the following statements is a false statement
the male urethra serves both the urinary and reproductive systems at the same time
which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition
the stretching of the bladder wall
the filtration membrane includes all except
renal fascia
the mechanism of water reabsorption by the real tubules is
osmosis
most electrolyte absorption by the renal tubules is
hormonally controlled in the distal tubule segments
the macula densa cells respond to
changes in solute content of the filtrate
which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule
creatinine
The fluid in the glomerular (bowman's) capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of
plasma protein
alcohol acts as a diuretic because it
inhibits the release of ADH
the function of angiotensin II is to
constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure
A disease caused by inadequate secretion of ADH by the pituitary gland with symptoms of poluria is
diabetes insipidus
an important characteristic of urin is its specific gravity or density, which is
1.015-1.035
sequence from formation of urine to its elimination from the body
the glomeruli makes filtrate
most filtrate is reabsorbed into the blood
substances are secreted into the filtrate
select the correct statement about the nephrons
the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium
What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal
net filtration would decrease
which of the following is not a part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus
podocyte cells
tubular reabsorption
by active mechanisms usually involves movement against an electrical and/or chemical gradient
which of the following is not a reason why substances are either not reabsorbed or are incompletely reabsorbed from the nephron
they are extremely complex molecules
reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by
secondary active transport
which of the following choices is a function of loop of Henle
for a large volume of every dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine
fetal kidneys do not have to work very hard because
the placenta allows the mother's urinary system to clear the waste from fetal blood
which of the following best describes kidney function in older adults
kidney function decreases due to kidney atrophy
the factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
if the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120mg/100ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230mg/100ml, the amino acid will
appear in the urine
if one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does that mean
normally all the glucose is reabsorbed
excretion of dilute urine requires
impermeability of the collecting tubule to water
which of the choices below is not a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH
by secreting sodium ions
in the ascending limb of the loop of henle the
thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption
select the correct statement about urinary system development
kidneys develop from the urogenital ridges
which of the choices below does not describe the importance of tubular secretion
ridding the body of bicarbonate ions
which statement is correcdt
reabsorption of water is hormonally controlled
What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus
help regulate blood pressure and rate of blood filtration by the kidneys
which of the choices below is the salt level monitoring part of the nephron
macula densa
which of the hormones below is responsible for the facultative water reabsorption
ADH
which of the choices below is not a glomerular filtration rate control method
electrolyte level
which of the choices below are the most important hormone regulators of electrolyte reabsorption and secretion
angiotensin II and aldosterone
which cells of the kidne are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in solute content of the filtrate
macula densa cells
Kidney functions/location
regulates volume of water and concentration in the body
ensuring long-term acid-base balance
excreting metabolic wastes and foreign substances
production of EPO and renin
conversion of Vitamin D to active form
dimension: 12 by 6 by 13
T12 vertebra to L3
blood and nerve supply
right renal artery on the right side is longer because of the aorta while the left renal vein is longer because of the vena cava
aorta -> renal artery -> segmental artery -> interlobar artery -> arcuate artery -> cortical radiate artery -> afferent arteriole -> glomerulus (capillaries) -> efferent arteriole -> peritubular capillaries (vasa recta) -> cortical radiate vein -> arcuate vein -> interlobar vein -> renal vein -> inferior vena cava
nephrons
structural and functional units of the kidneys.
carries out the process that forms urine
renal corpuscle
consist of glomerulus and the bowman's capsule. The Bowman's capsule surrounds the glomerulus
glomerulus
endothelium is fenestrated which makes it porous. allows large amounts of protein free fluid to pass from the blood into the bowman's capsule.
glomerular capsule (bowman's capsule)
parietal layer:simple squamous epithelium.
visceral layer: consist of podoctyes. filtrate enters the capsular space through the filtration slits inside bowman's capsule
renal tubule
leaves the bowman's capsule as proximal convoluted tubule, drops into nephron loop and winds and twist again as distal convoluted tubule before emptying into collecting duct
proximal convoluted tubule
cuboidal epithelial cells. Increases surface area and capacity for reabsorbing water and solutes from the filtrate and secreting substances into it.
Nephron loop
descending limbs: continuous with proximal tubule and cells are similar
ascending limbs
distal convoluted tubule
cuboidal and confined to the cortex. lack microvilli
collecting duct
principal cells: responsible for maintaining body water and salt balance
intercalated cells:cuboidal cells. plays a role in maintaing the acid-base balance of blood
classes of nephron
cortical nephrons: account for 85% of nephrons in kidneys.
juxtamedullary nephrons: play an important role in the kidney's ability to produce concentrated urine.
juxtaglomerular complex
region where the most distal portion of the ascending limb of the nephron loop lies against the afferent arteriole feeding the glomerulus
contains 3 parts
macula densa
granular cells
extraglomerular mesangial cells
macula densa
group of tall, closely packed cells in the ascending limb of the nephron loop that lies adjacent to granular cells.
They are chemoreceptors that monitor the NaCl content of the filtrate entering the distal convoluted tubule
granular cells
in arteriolar walls. contains renin. sense the blood pressure in afferent arteriole
extraglomerular mesangial cells
may pass regulatory signals between macula densa and granular cells
countercurrent multiplier
fluid is flowing in opposite directions.
The more NaCl the ascending limb extrudes, the more water diffuses out of the descending limb and the saltier the filtrate in the descending limb becomes. The ascending limb uses the salty filtrate left behind to raise osmolality
coutercurrent exchanger
flow of blood through ascending and descending portion of vasa recta
preserves medullary gradient by
1. preventing rapid removal of salt from the medullary interstitial space
2. removing reabsorbed water
renal clearance
volume of plasma from which the kidney clear a particular substance in a given time (1 min). tests are done to determine GFR, which allows us to detect glomerular damage
renal failure
filtrate formation decreases or stops completely
GFR is less than 15ml/min
chronic renal disease
GFR less than 60ml/min for at least 3 months
ureters
convey urine from the kidneys to the bladder
urinary bladder
stores urine temporarily. holds up to 500ml of urine.
urethra
thin walled muscular tube that drains urine from the bladder and conveys it our of the body.
micturition
act of emptying the urinary bladder
pronephros
during fourth week of development, first tubule system to form
mesonephros
second renal system
metanephros
third system to form
juxtamedullary nephron
long nephron loop
glomerulus closer to the cortex-medulla junction
efferent arteriole supplies vasa recta
cortical nephron
short nephron loop
glomerulus furter from the cortex-medulla junction
efferent arteriole supplies peritubular capillaries