Which of the following best defines negative nitrogen balance?

A) A negative nitrogen balance is normal and is a way of maintaining homeostasis.

B) It is a condition usually caused by having a diet low in fish and meat.

C) Protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis.

D) It occurs when amino acids are broken down by liver enzymes and carried to the bloodstream.

C) Protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis.

__________ are considered "bad" cholesterol; high blood levels are believed to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.

LDL's

Which of the choices below happens during the absorptive state?

A) Only glucose metabolism occurs.

B) No metabolism occurs.

C) Anabolic processes exceed catabolic ones.

D) Catabolic processes exceed anabolic ones.

C) Anabolic processes exceed catabolic ones.

When a person's hypothalamic thermostat is set to a higher level and the actual body temperature is below that level, the person may ________.

A) pant

B) perspire heavily

C) shiver

D) exhibit vasodilation of skin vessel

C) Shiver

T/F: A growing child is likely to exhibit negative nitrogen balance.

FALSE

Breakdown of glycogen to release glucose

Glycogenolysis

Formation of glucose from proteins or fats

Gluconeogenesis

Storage of glucose in the form of glycogen

Glycogenesis

Breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid

Glycolysis

___ molecules are broken down in cellular respiration, providing fuel for the cell.

Glucose

Which energy-rich molecule produced by cellular respiration directly powers cell work?

ATP

Proton pumps within the electron transport chain transport H⁺ ions ______.

From matrix to intermembrane space

Which hormone is called the "metabolic" hormone?

Thyroxine

As the body progresses from the absorptive to the postabsorptive state, only the ________ continues to burn glucose while every other organ in the body mostly switches to fatty acids.

Brain

Anabolism includes reactions in which ________.

larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones

Many factors influence BMR. What is the most critical factor?

The ratio of surface area to volume (weight) of the body

Conditions that promote the oxidative deamination and energy use of amino acids include ________.

excessive amounts of protein in the diet

Neurons and red blood cells rely exclusively on __________ to meet their energy needs.

Glucose

Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration.

Glycolysis -> Acetyl CoA -> Citric Acid Cycle -> Electron Transport Chain

What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration?

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ → 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + ATP energy

Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?

A) electron transport chain

B) ATP production by ATP synthase

C) acetyl CoA formation

D) glycolysis

E) citric acid cycle

D) glycolysis

In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?

Mitochondrion

Which statement describes glycolysis?

This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.

Which statement describes the citric acid cycle?

This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.

Which statement describes the electron transport chain?

This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.

In gluconeogenesis, during the postabsorptive state, amino acids and ________ are converted to glucose.

Glycerol

__________ is a substance in food used by the body to promote normal growth, maintenance, and repair.

A nutrient

The movement of H⁺ through the ATP synthase is best described as an example of ______.

Facilitated Diffusion

Which of the following is represented by the "membrane" indicated in the figure?

A) nuclear membrane

B) outer mitochondrial membrane

C) inner mitochondrial membrane

D) plasma membrane

C) inner mitochondrial membrane

__________ is the key hormone regulator of the absorptive state.

Insulin

Which of the following is a normal consequence of the activation of the heat-promoting center?

Release of Epinephrine

The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available fuel for neurons and blood cells is ________.

Glucose

The amount of ________ produced is probably the most important hormonal factor in determining BMR.

Thyroxine

The hyperglycemia that occurs during diabetes mellitus is accompanied by ______.

Ketosis

Which hormone directs essentially all events of the absorptive state?

Insulin

Which term describes the breakdown of stored fats into glycerol and fatty acids?

Lipolysis

Which of the following is NOT an essential role of the liver?

Urea Disposal

Heat-loss mechanisms do not include ________.

vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels

Which of the following does not occur in the mitochondria?

A) glycolysis

B) formation of malic acid from fumaric acid

C) electron transport

D) Krebs cycle

A) Glycolysis

Heavy sweating can induce heat cramps due to ______.

A) abnormal electrolyte levels in muscle cells

B) abnormal electrolyte levels in neurons

C) abnormal electrolyte levels in interstitial fluid

D) All of the listed responses are correct.

D) All of the listed responses are correct

Heat transfer into the chair you are sitting on.

Conduction

Heat loss during sweating

Evaporation

heat loss in the form of infrared waves

Radiation

Heat exchange when you are under a ceiling fan

Convection

Which of the choices below is not a mechanism of heat production?

A) shivering

B) sweating

C) enhanced thyroxine release

D) vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels

B) Sweating

When ketone bodies are present in the blood and urine in large amounts, it usually indicates increased metabolism of ________.

Fatty Acids

Which of the following pathways act as a source for the electrons carried by the NADH and FADH₂ molecules shown in this figure?

Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle

Which nutrients are the most important anabolic nutrients?

Amino Acids

Which of the following is a characteristic of the electron transport chain (ETC)?

A) The ETC occurs in the mitochondria.

B) The final electron acceptor in the ETC is water.

C) NADH is a product of the ETC.

D) The electron transport chain is an anaerobic pathway

A) The ETC occurs in the mitochondria.

The term basal metabolic rate reflects the ________.

energy the body needs to perform only its most essential activities

The "proton pumps" indicated in the figure are physically associated with ______.

The electron transport chain

Which of the following is following is a true statement regarding the reactions indicated by the letters F and G?

Both reactions F and G involve the transfer of a phosphate group from an organic substrate to ADP.

Glucose can be obtained from ________.

Glycogenolysis

Which of the following would decrease body temperature?

A) dilation of cutaneous blood vessels

B) shivering

C) enhanced thyroxine release

D) eating a large meal

A) dilation of cutaneous blood vessels

Transamination is the process whereby the amine group of an amino acid is ________.

transferred to a keto acid

Which of the following is NOT a pathway in the oxidation of glucose?

A) glycolysis

B) electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

C) gluconeogenesis

D) Krebs cycle

C) gluconeogenesis

Which of the following molecules is most directly involved in the transfer of "energy from food" to the "proton pumps" depicted in this figure?

A) oxygen

B) carbon dioxide

C) ATP

D) NADH

E) ADP

D) NADH

Which hormone directs essentially all the events of the absorptive state?

A) thyroid hormone

B) epinephrine

C) growth hormone

D) insulin

D) insulin

Synthesis of lipids from glucose or amino acids

Lipogenesis

Splitting of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids

Lipolysis

Conversion of fatty acids into acetyl groups

Beta Oxidation

Formation of ketone bodies

Ketogenesis

__________ refers to reactions in which large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules.

Catabolism

In the liver, the amine group of glutamic acid is removed as ________ in the oxidative state.

Ammonia

Oxidative deamination takes place in the ________.

Liver

Which of the choices below is not a major route of heat exchange?

A) shivering

B) evaporation

C) radiation

D) conduction/convection

A) Shivering

What is the primary function of cellular respiration - its end-purpose?

To generate ATP

Which of the following statements regarding the electron transport chain is FALSE?

Each enzyme complex in the electron transport chain catalyzes the conversion of oxygen to water.

Minerals required by the body in moderate amounts include all but which of the following?

Iron and Selenium

Glycogen is formed in the liver during the ________.

absorptive state

The primary function of cellular respiration is to ________.

break down food molecules and generate ATP

In the case of a person who consumes a normal, balanced diet, proteins are essential to the body for all of the following except ________.

Production of energy

Gluconeogenesis is the process in which ________.

glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate precursors

The most abundant dietary lipids are ________.

Triglycerides

T/F: Most ATP in cellular respiration is generated in glycolysis.

FALSE

Which of the following is a common feature of the processes indicated by both letters D and E?

A) movement of organic food molecules between catabolic pathways

B) movement of pyruvic acid into the mitochondria

C) movement of hydrogen atoms associated with NADH

D) movement of phosphate groups associated with ADP

C) movement of hydrogen atoms associated with NADH

Glycolysis occurs in the __________ of cells and is an __________ process.

Cytosol

Anaerobic

Catabolism would be best described as a process that ________.

breaks down complex structures to simpler ones

Frostbite is LEAST likely to occur in the skin of a body region (e.g., abdominal region, finger region, etc.) that ______.

is closer to the heart than skin of a body region that is farther from the heart

Which of the choices below describes the pathway of cellular respiration (the complete oxidation of glucose)?

A) gluconeogenesis, Krebs cycle, lipolysis

B) glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation

C) glycogenesis, lipogenesis, electron transport chain

D) lipolysis, glycogenolysis, beta oxidation

B) glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation

The term metabolism is best defined as ________.

the sum of biochemical reactions involved in building and breaking down molecules

Hank, a 17-year-old high school student, suffered a heart attack during a recreational swim. An autopsy revealed that he had had atherosclerosis and that his death had been caused by coronary artery disease. What might have been the cause of this disease that usually strikes a person much older than Hank?

He suffered from familial hypercholesterolemia.

During ketosis caused by inadequate ingestion of carbohydrates, ______.

the glycogen content of the liver is reduced

The body's rate of kilocalorie consumption needed to fuel all ongoing activities is called the __________.

Total Metabolic Rate