Chapter 24: Nutrition and Metabolism Flashcards

Which of the choices below is not a source of glucose during the postabsorptive state?

A) lipolysis in adipose tissues and the liver

B) catabolism of cellular protein

C) glycogenolysis in the liver

D) absorption of glucose from the GI tract

What is the outcome of ketosis?

Which of the following is a common feature of the both sets of reactions represented by the letters A and B in the figure?

A) Both include steps involving the oxidation of organic molecules.

B) Both include steps involving reactions that result in the release of carbon dioxide.

C) Both include steps involving the hydrolysis of organic molecules.

D) Both sets of reactions occur within the mitochondria. Both sets of reactions occur in the cytoplasm.

Which of the following is a water-soluble vitamin?

A) vitamin A

B) vitamin D

C) vitamin K

D) vitamin B

Which of the following best defines negative nitrogen balance?

A) A negative nitrogen balance is normal and is a way of maintaining homeostasis.

B) It is a condition usually caused by having a diet low in fish and meat.

C) Protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis.

D) It occurs when amino acids are broken down by liver enzymes and carried to the bloodstream.

__________ are considered "bad" cholesterol; high blood levels are believed to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Which of the choices below happens during the absorptive state?

A) Only glucose metabolism occurs.

B) No metabolism occurs.

C) Anabolic processes exceed catabolic ones.

D) Catabolic processes exceed anabolic ones.

When a person's hypothalamic thermostat is set to a higher level and the actual body temperature is below that level, the person may ________.

A) pant

B) perspire heavily

C) shiver

D) exhibit vasodilation of skin vessel

T/F: A growing child is likely to exhibit negative nitrogen balance.

Breakdown of glycogen to release glucose

Formation of glucose from proteins or fats

Storage of glucose in the form of glycogen

Breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid

___ molecules are broken down in cellular respiration, providing fuel for the cell.

Which energy-rich molecule produced by cellular respiration directly powers cell work?

Proton pumps within the electron transport chain transport H⁺ ions ______.

Which hormone is called the "metabolic" hormone?

As the body progresses from the absorptive to the postabsorptive state, only the ________ continues to burn glucose while every other organ in the body mostly switches to fatty acids.

Anabolism includes reactions in which ________.

Many factors influence BMR. What is the most critical factor?

Conditions that promote the oxidative deamination and energy use of amino acids include ________.

Neurons and red blood cells rely exclusively on __________ to meet their energy needs.

Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration.

What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration?

Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?

A) electron transport chain

B) ATP production by ATP synthase

C) acetyl CoA formation

D) glycolysis

E) citric acid cycle

In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?

Which statement describes glycolysis?

Which statement describes the citric acid cycle?

Which statement describes the electron transport chain?

In gluconeogenesis, during the postabsorptive state, amino acids and ________ are converted to glucose.

__________ is a substance in food used by the body to promote normal growth, maintenance, and repair.

The movement of H⁺ through the ATP synthase is best described as an example of ______.

Which of the following is represented by the "membrane" indicated in the figure?

A) nuclear membrane

B) outer mitochondrial membrane

C) inner mitochondrial membrane

D) plasma membrane

__________ is the key hormone regulator of the absorptive state.

Which of the following is a normal consequence of the activation of the heat-promoting center?

The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available fuel for neurons and blood cells is ________.

The amount of ________ produced is probably the most important hormonal factor in determining BMR.

The hyperglycemia that occurs during diabetes mellitus is accompanied by ______.

Which hormone directs essentially all events of the absorptive state?

Which term describes the breakdown of stored fats into glycerol and fatty acids?

Which of the following is NOT an essential role of the liver?

Heat-loss mechanisms do not include ________.

Which of the following does not occur in the mitochondria?

A) glycolysis

B) formation of malic acid from fumaric acid

C) electron transport

D) Krebs cycle

Heavy sweating can induce heat cramps due to ______.

A) abnormal electrolyte levels in muscle cells

B) abnormal electrolyte levels in neurons

C) abnormal electrolyte levels in interstitial fluid

D) All of the listed responses are correct.

Heat transfer into the chair you are sitting on.

Heat loss during sweating

heat loss in the form of infrared waves

Heat exchange when you are under a ceiling fan

Which of the choices below is not a mechanism of heat production?

A) shivering

B) sweating

C) enhanced thyroxine release

D) vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels

When ketone bodies are present in the blood and urine in large amounts, it usually indicates increased metabolism of ________.

Which of the following pathways act as a source for the electrons carried by the NADH and FADH₂ molecules shown in this figure?

Which nutrients are the most important anabolic nutrients?

Which of the following is a characteristic of the electron transport chain (ETC)?

A) The ETC occurs in the mitochondria.

B) The final electron acceptor in the ETC is water.

C) NADH is a product of the ETC.

D) The electron transport chain is an anaerobic pathway

The term basal metabolic rate reflects the ________.

The "proton pumps" indicated in the figure are physically associated with ______.

Which of the following is following is a true statement regarding the reactions indicated by the letters F and G?

Glucose can be obtained from ________.

Which of the following would decrease body temperature?

A) dilation of cutaneous blood vessels

B) shivering

C) enhanced thyroxine release

D) eating a large meal

Transamination is the process whereby the amine group of an amino acid is ________.

Which of the following is NOT a pathway in the oxidation of glucose?

A) glycolysis

B) electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

C) gluconeogenesis

D) Krebs cycle

Which of the following molecules is most directly involved in the transfer of "energy from food" to the "proton pumps" depicted in this figure?

A) oxygen

B) carbon dioxide

C) ATP

D) NADH

E) ADP

Which hormone directs essentially all the events of the absorptive state?

A) thyroid hormone

B) epinephrine

C) growth hormone

D) insulin

Synthesis of lipids from glucose or amino acids

Splitting of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids

Conversion of fatty acids into acetyl groups

Formation of ketone bodies

__________ refers to reactions in which large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules.

In the liver, the amine group of glutamic acid is removed as ________ in the oxidative state.

Oxidative deamination takes place in the ________.

Which of the choices below is not a major route of heat exchange?

A) shivering

B) evaporation

C) radiation

D) conduction/convection

What is the primary function of cellular respiration - its end-purpose?

Which of the following statements regarding the electron transport chain is FALSE?

Minerals required by the body in moderate amounts include all but which of the following?

Glycogen is formed in the liver during the ________.

The primary function of cellular respiration is to ________.

In the case of a person who consumes a normal, balanced diet, proteins are essential to the body for all of the following except ________.

Gluconeogenesis is the process in which ________.

The most abundant dietary lipids are ________.

T/F: Most ATP in cellular respiration is generated in glycolysis.

Which of the following is a common feature of the processes indicated by both letters D and E?

A) movement of organic food molecules between catabolic pathways

B) movement of pyruvic acid into the mitochondria

C) movement of hydrogen atoms associated with NADH

D) movement of phosphate groups associated with ADP

Glycolysis occurs in the __________ of cells and is an __________ process.

Catabolism would be best described as a process that ________.

Frostbite is LEAST likely to occur in the skin of a body region (e.g., abdominal region, finger region, etc.) that ______.

Which of the choices below describes the pathway of cellular respiration (the complete oxidation of glucose)?

A) gluconeogenesis, Krebs cycle, lipolysis

B) glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation

C) glycogenesis, lipogenesis, electron transport chain

D) lipolysis, glycogenolysis, beta oxidation

The term metabolism is best defined as ________.

Hank, a 17-year-old high school student, suffered a heart attack during a recreational swim. An autopsy revealed that he had had atherosclerosis and that his death had been caused by coronary artery disease. What might have been the cause of this disease that usually strikes a person much older than Hank?

During ketosis caused by inadequate ingestion of carbohydrates, ______.

The body's rate of kilocalorie consumption needed to fuel all ongoing activities is called the __________.