front 1 Amensalism | back 1 One of the partners is inhibited, while the other is not affected in any significant way. |
front 2 Commensalism | back 2 One of the organisms benefits, and the other is unaffected. |
front 3 Mutualism | back 3 Benefits both organisms. |
front 4 Predation | back 4 Between two organisms of unlike species in which one of them acts as predator that captures and feeds on the other organism that serves as the prey |
front 5 Parasitism | back 5 One organism gains and tho other is harmed. |
front 6 Normal Microbiota | back 6 Permanently colonize the host |
front 7 Transient Microbiota | back 7 Colonize the host for days weeks or months |
front 8 How do Normal Microbiota protect? | back 8 Competetive Exclusion Compete for nutrients Alter conditions such as pH, available oxygen Produce harmful substances |
front 9 What is Competetive Exclusion? | back 9 Covers binding sites so pathogens can't bind |
front 10 Probiotics | back 10 Addition of microbes to the diet in order to provide health benefits beyond basic nutritional value |
front 11 Benefits of Probiotics? | back 11 Restore friendly bacteria in digestive tract Aid in digestion and absorption of nutrients Promote proper elimination of waste |
front 12 Prebiotics | back 12 Selectively stimulate bacteria of color and improve health of host |
front 13 Infection | back 13 Colonization of the body by pathogens |
front 14 Disease | back 14 Impairment of normal state of an organizm or any of it's components that hinders the performance of vital functions |
front 15 Infectious Disease | back 15 Disease that is caused by microorganisms |
front 16 Non communicable disease | back 16 Not transmitted from one host to another |
front 17 Communicable disease | back 17 Spread from one host to another |
front 18 Contagious disease | back 18 Easily spread from one host to another |
front 19 Symptom | back 19 Change in body function that is felt as a result of disease |
front 20 sign | back 20 change in body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease |
front 21 syndrome | back 21 A specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease |
front 22 Acute infections | back 22 short duration may develop long lasting immunity result in productive infections disease symptoms result from tissue damage and infection of new cells |
front 23 Persistent infections | back 23 viruses continually present in host |
front 24 Persistent infections caused by? | back 24 Integration of viral genome into host genome decrease of antigenicity of virus mutation to less virulent and slower reproducing form |
front 25 three categories of persistent infections | back 25 latent chronic slow |
front 26 Latent infections | back 26 infection is followed by a symptomless period. |
front 27 During latency what happens? | back 27 Virus stops reproducing and remains dormant for some time, Symptoms antivirus -antibodies, and viruses are not detectable. |
front 28 Reactivation of a latent virus | back 28 Infectious particles are again detected symptoms may be different than originally |
front 29 Chronic Infections | back 29 Infectious virus can be detected at all times i.e. Hepatitis |
front 30 During a chronic infection is the disease always present? | back 30 No. may be absent or present or may develop late i.e. Hepatitis |
front 31 Slow Infections | back 31 Infectious agent gradually increases in amount over a long period of time |
front 32 During a slow infection are symptoms always apparent? | back 32 no, during the increase they may not be apparent i.e. retrovirus or prions |
front 33 Classifications of Disease (5) | back 33 Sporadic Outbreak Endemic Epidemic Pandemic |
front 34 Sporadic | back 34 Occurs occasionally in a population (irregular) |
front 35 Outbreak | back 35 Sudden and unexpected occurrence of disease usually focal or in a limited segment of the population. |
front 36 Endemic disease | back 36 Constantly present in a population |
front 37 Epidemic disease | back 37 Acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time |
front 38 Pandemic Disease | back 38 Increase in disease occurrence within large population over wide region |
front 39 Disease Incidence | back 39 Fraction of a population that contracts a disease during a specific time. |
front 40 Disease Prevalence | back 40 Fraction of a population having a specific disease at any given time. |
front 41 Koch's Postulates : | back 41 Same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease Pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy susceptible laboratory animal pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism |
front 42 What disease did Koch search the link between organism and disease? | back 42 Anthrax and Bacillus anthracis |
front 43 What is unculturable taxa | back 43 organism cannot survive outside the host |
front 44 True or false - Pathogens can cause only one type of disease | back 44 False. some pathogens can cause several disease conditions |
front 45 True or False - Some pathogens cause disease only in humans | back 45 True. HIV |
front 46 Source of pathogen | back 46 Location from which pathogen is transmitted to host |
front 47 Reservoir of pathogen | back 47 Site or natural environmental location in which pathogen is normally found - can also be the source |
front 48 Carrier | back 48 infected host |
front 49 Casual carrier | back 49 harbors pathogen for a short time |
front 50 Chronic carrier | back 50 Harbors pathogen for long periods of time (months, years, life) |
front 51 Incubatory carrier | back 51 harbors pathogen, but is not yet ill |
front 52 Active carrier | back 52 Has overt clinical case of disease |
front 53 Convalescent carrier | back 53 has recovered from disease, but continues to harbor large numbers of the pathogen |
front 54 Healthy carrier | back 54 harbors pathogen, but is not ill |
front 55 Animal reservoir | back 55 transmission from animal to human, can be direct or indirect |
front 56 Vectors | back 56 Organisms that spread disease from one host to another Water Air Soil Food |
front 57 What are the four main routes of pathogen transmission? | back 57 Contact Airborne Vehicle Vector-borne |
front 58 Direct contact transmission | back 58 person to person or person to source or reservoir |
front 59 Indirect contact | back 59 Involves an intermediate such as tissues, bedding, utensils, ,etc. (fomite) |
front 60 Droplet spread | back 60 large particles that travel (>5 Micro meter travel < 1 meter) |
front 61 Airborne transmission | back 61 droplet is suspended in air and travels > 1 meter Can remain airborne for hours or days and travel long distances, |
front 62 Vehicle transmission | back 62 Vehicles are inanimate materials or objects involved in pathogen transmission, (water, food) |
front 63 Vector Borne Transmission External (mechanical) transmission | back 63 Passive carriage of pathogen on body of vector No growth of pathogen during transmission |
front 64 Vector Borne Transmission Internal Transmission | back 64 Carried within Vector |
front 65 Horborage transmission | back 65 Pathogen does not undergo changes within vector |
front 66 Biologic transmission | back 66 pathogen undergoes changes within vector |
front 67 Active escape | back 67 movement of pathogen to exit |
front 68 Passive escape | back 68 Excretion in feces, urine, droplets, saliva or desquamated cells |
front 69 How to control epidemics? (3 part answer) | back 69 Reduce or eliminate source or reservoir of infection Break connection between source and susceptible individual Reduce number of susceptible individuals |
front 70 Nosocomal Infection | back 70 Acquired as a result of a hospital stay |
front 71 What % of hospital patients are affected by nosocomial infections?? | back 71 5-15% |
front 72 What bacteria usually cause nosocomial infections? | back 72 Normal microbiota |