front 1 ________ is the informal name of the group of mostly unicellular eukaryotes | back 1 Protista |
front 2 Protists constitute a ________ group, and Protista is no longer valid as a kingdom | back 2 Paraphyletic |
front 3 Protists are eukaryotes and thus have _______ and are more complex than prokaryotes | back 3 organelles |
front 4 Most protists are ________, but there are some colonial and multicellular species | back 4 unicellular |
front 5 Protists exhibit more structural and _______ _______ than any other group of eukaryotes | back 5 Functional diversity |
front 6 _________, the most nutritionally diverse of all eukaryotes, include: Photoautotrophs Heterotrophs Mixotrophs | back 6 Protists |
front 7 type of Protist that contains chloroplasts. | back 7 Photoautotrophs |
front 8 type of Protist that absorb organic molecules or ingest larger food particles. | back 8 Heterotrophs |
front 9 type of Protist that combines photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition. | back 9 Mixotrophs |
front 10 Protists can reproduce _________ or __________. | back 10 asexually, sexually |
front 11 The plastid-bearing lineage of protists evolved into: | back 11 red and green algae |
front 12 On several occasions during eukaryotic evolution red and green algae underwent __________ ___________, in which they were ingested. (slide 8) | back 12 secondary endosymbiosis |
front 13 (Five Supergroups of Eukaryotes) incldues protists with modified mitochondria and protists with unique flagella. | back 13 Excavata |
front 14 (Group under Excavata) -derives energy anaerobically, for example, by glycolysis. -has t wo equal-sized nuclei and multiple flagella. | back 14 Diplomonads |
front 15 Diplomonads are often parasites, for example, ______ ________- parasite of mammal intestinal tract. | back 15 Giardia intestinalis |
front 16 ( Group under Excavata) -have flagella and undulating plasma membrane -Include Trichomonas vaginalis, the pathogen that causes yeast infections in human females. | back 16 Parabasalids |
front 17 no data | back 17 Undulating Membrane |
front 18 (Group under Excavata) ___________ is a diverse clade that includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, and pathogenic parasites. | back 18 Euglenozoa |
front 19 The Euglenozoa clade includes the __________ and _________. | back 19 kinetoplastids and euglenids |
front 20 The main feature distinguishing the Euglenozoans as a clade is a spiral or _______ ____ of unknown function inside their flagella. | back 20 crystalline rod |
front 21 ______________ have a single mitochondrion with an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast. | back 21 Kinetoplastids |
front 22 The parasitic Kinetoplastids _________ causes sleeping sickness (spread of tsetse fly). | back 22 Trypanosoma |
front 23 ________ have one or two flagella that emerge from a pocket at one end of the cell. | back 23 Euglenids |
front 24 ____________ may have originated by secondary endosymbiosis. | back 24 Chromalveolata |
front 25 Some data suggest that the clade Chromalveolata is ___________ and originated by a secondary endosymbiosis event. | back 25 monophyletic |
front 26 The ____________ clade is controversial and includes the alveolates and stramenopiles. | back 26 Chromalveolata |
front 27 Members of the clade ________ have membrane-counded sacs ( alveoli) just under the plasma membrane. | back 27 Alveolata |
front 28 ____________ includes the dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates. | back 28 Alveolata |
front 29 _____________ are a diverse aquatic group of marine and freshwater photoautotrophs and heterotrophs. each has a characteristic shape that in many species in reinforced by internal plates of cellulose. | back 29 Dinoflagellates |
front 30 Dinoflagellate blooms are the cause of toxic "___ ____" | back 30 red tides |
front 31 ___________ are parasites of animals and some cause serious human diseases. | back 31 Apicomplexans |
front 32 One end of the Apicomplexans, the _______, contains a complex of organelles specialized for penetrating a host. | back 32 apex |
front 33 Most Apicomplexans have sexual and asexual _______ that require two or more different host species for completion. | back 33 stages |
front 34 the Apicomplexan ____________ is the parasite that causes malaria. it requires both mosquitos and humans to complete its life cycle. | back 34 Plasmodium |
front 35 ________, a large varied group of protists, are named for their use of cilia to move and feed. they have large micronuclei and small micronuclei. | back 35 Ciliates |
front 36 Ciliates genetic variation results from __________, in which two individuals exchange haploid micronuclei. | back 36 conjugation |
front 37 Conjugation is a sexual process, and is separate from reproduction, which generally occurs by ________ _______. | back 37 binary fission |
front 38 The clade _________ includes several groups of heterotrophs as well as certain groups of algae (autotrophs) Most have a "hairy" flagellum paired with a "smooth" flagellum. | back 38 Stramenopila |
front 39 _____________ include diatoms, golden algae, brown algae, and oomycetes. | back 39 Stramenopiles |
front 40 ________ include water molds, white rusts, and downy mildews. | back 40 Oomycetes |
front 41 most Oomycetes are _________ or _______. | back 41 decomposers or parasites |
front 42 Oomycetes have filaments called ________ that facilitate nutrient uptake. | back 42 hyphae |
front 43 Oomycetes ecological impact can be great, as in ________ _______ causing potato blight. | back 43 Phytophthora infestans |
front 44 _________ are unicellular algae with a unique two-part, glass-like wall of hydrated silica. the wall resists crushing pressure. | back 44 Diatoms |
front 45 ______ ______, or chrysophytes, are named for their color, which results from their yellow and brown carotenoids All golden algae are photosynthetic, and some are also heterotrophic (mixotrophic) • Most are unicellular, but some are colonial | back 45 Golden algae |
front 46 _______ ______ are the largest and most complex algae • All are multicellular, and most are marine | back 46 Brown algae |
front 47 Brown algae include many species commonly called “________” | back 47 seaweeds |
front 48 Giant seaweeds called ______ live in deep parts of the ocean | back 48 kelps |
front 49 The algal body is plantlike but lacks true roots, stems, and leaves and is called a ______ | back 49 thallus |
front 50 The root-like _______ anchors the stem-like stipe, which in turn supports the leaflike blades (slide 48)  | back 50 holdfast |
front 51 The most complex life cycles include an ________ ___ ________, the alternation of multicellular haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sporophyte) forms | back 51 Alternation of Generations |
front 52 The diploid _________ produces haploid flagellated spores called __________. | back 52 sporophyte, zoospores |
front 53 The zoospores develop into haploid male and female __________, which produce ________. gametes are made for fusion. | back 53 gametophytes, gametes |
front 54 Fertilization of gametes results in a diploid _______, which grows into a new _________. | back 54 zygote, sporophyte |
front 55 The life cycle of the brown alga _________: an example of alternation of generations (slide 53) | back 55 Laminaria |
front 56 ________ are a diverse group of protists defined by DNA similarities DNA evidence supports ________ as a monophyletic clade. | back 56 Rhizarians |
front 57 _________ move and feed by pseudopodia; some but not all belong to the clade Rhizaria | back 57 Amoebas |
front 58 ________ include radiolarians, forams ,and cercozoans | back 58 Rhizarians |
front 59 Marine protists called ________ have tests fused into one delicate piece, usually made of silica. | back 59 Radiolarians |
front 60 The _________ of radiolarians radiate from the central body | back 60 pseudopodia |
front 61 _________, or forams, are named for porous, generally multichambered shells, called tests | back 61 Foraminiferans |
front 62 __________ include most amoeboid and flagellated protists with threadlike pseudopodia but without a test. | back 62 Cercozoans |
front 63 ________ __________ is an autotroph with a unique photosynthetic structure. | back 63 Paulinella chromatophora |
front 64 _____ algae and _____ algae are the closest relatives of land plants the photosynthetic descendants of this ancient protist evolved into: | back 64 Red algae and green algae |
front 65 Land plants are descended from the ______ _______. | back 65 green algae |
front 66 __________ is the supergroup that includes red algae, green algae, and land plants. | back 66 Archaeplastida |
front 67 ___ ______ are reddish in color due to an accessory pigment called phycoerythrin, which masks the green of chlorophyll | back 67 Red algae |
front 68 Red alga are usually ________; the largest are seaweeds (as well as brown alga) | back 68 multicellular |
front 69 ______ ______ are named for their grass-green chloroplasts, and are a paraphyletic group. | back 69 Green algae |
front 70 The two main groups of Green algae are _________ and __________. | back 70 chlorophytes, charophyceans |
front 71 __________ are most closely related to plan plants. | back 71 charophyceans |
front 72
| back 72 chlorophytes |
front 73 ________ include protists that are closely related to fungi and animals. | back 73 Uniknots |
front 74 The supergroup Unikonta includes animals, fungi, and some protists • This group includes two clades: the ________ and the _________ (animals, fungi, and related protists) | back 74 amoebozoans, opisthokonts |
front 75 __________ are amoeba that have lobe- or tube-shaped, rather than threadlike, pseudopodia | back 75 Amoebozoans |
front 76 (Some protists are parasitic) __________ causes malaria | back 76 Plasmodium |
front 77 (Some protists are parasitic) _________ __________ is a dinoflagellate that causes fish kills | back 77 Pfiesteria shymwayae |
front 78 (Some protists are parasitic) ________ _________ causes sudden oak death. | back 78 Phytophthora ramorum |