chp. 28 Flashcards

________ is the informal name of the group of mostly unicellular eukaryotes

Protists constitute a ________ group, and Protista is no longer valid as a kingdom

Protists are eukaryotes and thus have _______ and are more complex than prokaryotes

Most protists are ________, but there are some colonial and multicellular species

Protists exhibit more structural and _______ _______ than any other group of eukaryotes

_________, the most nutritionally diverse of all eukaryotes, include:

Photoautotrophs

Heterotrophs

Mixotrophs

type of Protist that contains chloroplasts.

type of Protist that absorb organic molecules or ingest larger food particles.

type of Protist that combines photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition.

Protists can reproduce _________ or __________.

The plastid-bearing lineage of protists evolved into:

On several occasions during eukaryotic evolution red and green algae underwent __________ ___________, in which they were ingested.

(slide 8)

(Five Supergroups of Eukaryotes)

incldues protists with modified mitochondria and protists with unique flagella.

(Group under Excavata)

-derives energy anaerobically, for example, by glycolysis.

-has t wo equal-sized nuclei and multiple flagella.

Diplomonads are often parasites, for example, ______ ________- parasite of mammal intestinal tract.

( Group under Excavata)

-have flagella and undulating plasma membrane

-Include Trichomonas vaginalis, the pathogen that causes yeast infections in human females.

...

(Group under Excavata)

___________ is a diverse clade that includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, and pathogenic parasites.

The Euglenozoa clade includes the __________ and _________.

The main feature distinguishing the Euglenozoans as a clade is a spiral or _______ ____ of unknown function inside their flagella.

______________ have a single mitochondrion with an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast.

The parasitic Kinetoplastids _________ causes sleeping sickness (spread of tsetse fly).

________ have one or two flagella that emerge from a pocket at one end of the cell.

____________ may have originated by secondary endosymbiosis.

Some data suggest that the clade Chromalveolata is ___________ and originated by a secondary endosymbiosis event.

The ____________ clade is controversial and includes the alveolates and stramenopiles.

Members of the clade ________ have membrane-counded sacs ( alveoli) just under the plasma membrane.

____________ includes the dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates.

_____________ are a diverse aquatic group of marine and freshwater photoautotrophs and heterotrophs.

each has a characteristic shape that in many species in reinforced by internal plates of cellulose.

Dinoflagellate blooms are the cause of toxic "___ ____"

___________ are parasites of animals and some cause serious human diseases.

One end of the Apicomplexans, the _______, contains a complex of organelles specialized for penetrating a host.

Most Apicomplexans have sexual and asexual _______ that require two or more different host species for completion.

the Apicomplexan ____________ is the parasite that causes malaria. it requires both mosquitos and humans to complete its life cycle.

________, a large varied group of protists, are named for their use of cilia to move and feed.

they have large micronuclei and small micronuclei.

Ciliates genetic variation results from __________, in which two individuals exchange haploid micronuclei.

Conjugation is a sexual process, and is separate from reproduction, which generally occurs by ________ _______.

The clade _________ includes several groups of heterotrophs as well as certain groups of algae (autotrophs)

Most have a "hairy" flagellum paired with a "smooth" flagellum.

_____________ include diatoms, golden algae, brown algae, and oomycetes.

________ include water molds, white rusts, and downy mildews.

most Oomycetes are _________ or _______.

Oomycetes have filaments called ________ that facilitate nutrient uptake.

Oomycetes ecological impact can be great, as in ________ _______ causing potato blight.

_________ are unicellular algae with a unique two-part, glass-like wall of hydrated silica. the wall resists crushing pressure.

______ ______, or chrysophytes, are named for their color, which results from their yellow and brown carotenoids All golden algae are photosynthetic, and some are also heterotrophic (mixotrophic)

• Most are unicellular, but some are colonial

_______ ______ are the largest and most complex algae

• All are multicellular, and most are marine

Brown algae include many species commonly called “________”

Giant seaweeds called ______ live in deep parts of the ocean

The algal body is plantlike but lacks true roots, stems, and leaves and is called a ______

The root-like _______ anchors the stem-like stipe, which in turn supports the leaflike blades

(slide 48) 

The most complex life cycles include an ________ ___ ________, the alternation of multicellular haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sporophyte) forms

The diploid _________ produces haploid flagellated spores called __________.

The zoospores develop into haploid male and female __________, which produce ________.

gametes are made for fusion.

Fertilization of gametes results in a diploid _______, which grows into a new _________.

The life cycle of the brown alga _________: an example of alternation of generations

(slide 53)

________ are a diverse group of protists defined by DNA similarities

DNA evidence supports ________ as a monophyletic clade.

_________ move and feed by pseudopodia; some but not all belong to the clade Rhizaria

________ include radiolarians, forams ,and cercozoans

Marine protists called ________ have tests fused into one delicate piece, usually made of silica.

The _________ of radiolarians radiate from the central body

_________, or forams, are named for porous, generally multichambered shells, called tests

__________ include most amoeboid and flagellated protists with threadlike pseudopodia but without a test.

________ __________ is an autotroph with a unique photosynthetic structure.

_____ algae and _____ algae are the closest relatives of land plants

the photosynthetic descendants of this ancient protist evolved into:

Land plants are descended from the ______ _______.

__________ is the supergroup that includes red algae, green algae, and land plants.

___ ______ are reddish in color due to an accessory pigment called phycoerythrin, which masks the green of chlorophyll

Red alga are usually ________; the largest are seaweeds (as well as brown alga)

______ ______ are named for their grass-green chloroplasts, and are a paraphyletic group.

The two main groups of Green algae are _________ and __________.

__________ are most closely related to plan plants.

• Most ________ live in fresh water, although many are marine
• Others live in damp soil, as symbionts in lichens, or in snow

________ include protists that are closely related to fungi and animals.

The supergroup Unikonta includes animals, fungi, and some protists

• This group includes two clades: the ________ and the _________ (animals, fungi, and related protists)

__________ are amoeba that have lobe- or tube-shaped, rather than threadlike, pseudopodia

(Some protists are parasitic)

__________ causes malaria

(Some protists are parasitic)

_________ __________ is a dinoflagellate that causes fish kills

(Some protists are parasitic)

________ _________ causes sudden oak death.