front 1 3 most common shapes of prokaryotes | back 1 1. spheres (cocci) 2. rods (bacilli) 3. sprials |
front 2 A network of sugar polymers cross-linked by polypeptides that make up bacterial walls | back 2 peptidoglycan |
front 3 Polysaccharide that covers some prokaryotes | back 3 capsule |
front 4 Allows some prokaryotes stick to substrates or other individuals in colony | back 4 fimbrae |
front 5 Longer than fimbriae and allow prokaryotes to exchange DNA | back 5 pili |
front 6 Ability to move toward or away from any stimulus in a heterogenous environment | back 6 Taxis |
front 7 Taxis of chemicals | back 7 Chemotaxis |
front 8 Key structure involved in taxis | back 8 Flagella |
front 9 Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have less DNA? | back 9 Prokaryotes |
front 10 Shape of chromosome in most prokaryotes | back 10 Circular |
front 11 Region in prokaryotes that is unbound and houses DNA | back 11 Nucleoid |
front 12 How prokaryotes reproduce every 1-3 hours | back 12 Binary fission |
front 13 Key features of reproduction in prokaryotes | back 13
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front 14 Formed by many prokaryotes; metabolically inactive and remain viable in harsh conditions for centures | back 14 Endospores |
front 15 3 factors that contribue to the genetic diversity of prokaryotes | back 15 1. rapid reproduction 2. mutation 3. genetic recombination |
front 16 Process by which a prokaryotic cell can take up and incorporate foreign naked DNA from the surrounding environment | back 16 Transformation |
front 17 The movement of genes between bacteria and bacteriophages | back 17 Transduction |
front 18 Viruses that infect bacteria | back 18 Bacteriophagues |
front 19 The process where genetic materials is transferred between prokaryotic cells | back 19 Conjugation |
front 20 Piece of DNA required for the production of pili | back 20 F factor |
front 21 Carry genes for antbiotic resistance | back 21 R plasmid |
front 22 How are prokaryotes classified? | back 22 how they obtain energy and carbon |
front 23 Obtain energy from light | back 23 phototrophs |
front 24 Obtain energy from chemicals | back 24 chemotrophs |
front 25 Require CO2 as a carbon source | back 25 autotrophs |
front 26 Require an organic nutrient to make organic compounds | back 26 heterotrophs |
front 27 Rrequires O2 for cell respiration | back 27 obligate aerobes |
front 28 Poisoned by O2 and use fermintation or anaerobic respiration | back 28 obligate anaerobes |
front 29 Can survive with or without O2 | back 29 facultative anaerobes |
front 30 What element is essential for the production of amino acids and nucleic acids? | back 30 Nitrogen |
front 31 Some prokaryotes convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) | back 31 nitrogen fixation |
front 32 _____________ has allowed for more rapid sequencing of prokaryote genomes | back 32 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) |
front 33 Archaea able to live in extreme environment | back 33 extremophiles |
front 34 Live in high saline environments | back 34 extreme halophiles |
front 35 Live in high temp environments | back 35 extreme thermophiles |
front 36 Live in swamps and marshes and produce methane as a waste product | back 36 mathenogens |
front 37 Where do chlamidya live? | back 37 Animal cells |
front 38 What does spiro cause? | back 38 syphillis |
front 39 Both organisms benefit | back 39 nutualism |
front 40 One benefists, one is unaffected | back 40 commensalism |
front 41 Organism called parasite damages its host | back 41 parasitism |
front 42 Secreted and cause disease even if producers are not present | back 42 exotoxins |
front 43 Secreted when animals die | back 43 endotoxins |
front 44 The use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment | back 44 bioremediations |
front 45 Photoautotrophs contain _________ | back 45 chloroplast |
front 46 ____________ absorb organic molecules or ingest large food molecules | back 46 heterotrophs |
front 47 ____________ mix photosynthesis and heterotrophic behaviors | back 47 mixotroph |
front 48 5 eukarya super groups | back 48 1. Excavata 2. Chromaveolata 3. Rhizaria 4. Archaeplastid 5. Unikonta |
front 49 Characterized by exoskeleton | back 49 excavata |
front 50 Includes diplomonads and parabasalids | back 50 excavata |
front 51 Contain modified mitochondria called mitosomes | back 51 diplomonads |
front 52 Responsible for traveler's diarrhea | back 52 diplomonads |
front 53 Contain reduced mitochondria called hydrenosomes | back 53 parabasalids |
front 54 Responsible for trichomonas vaginalis | back 54 parabasalids |
front 55 Contain single mitochondran with an organized mass of DNA called kinetoplast | back 55 eugleonzoans |
front 56 Responsible for sleeping sickness in humans | back 56 eugleonzoans |
front 57 Contains membrane-bound sacs just under plasma membrane | back 57 alveolata |
front 58 Three types of alveolata | back 58 1. dinoflagellates 2. apicomplexans 3. ciliata |
front 59 Contains two flagella, each reinforced by cellulose plates | back 59 dinoflagellates |
front 60 Responsible for "red tide" | back 60 dinoflagellates |
front 61 Animal parasites that cause serious human diseases | back 61 apicomplexans |
front 62 Infectious cells used to spread to host | back 62 sporozoites |
front 63 Contains complex of organelles specialized for penetration in host cells and tissues | back 63 apicomplexan apex |
front 64 Contains two nucleae | back 64 ciliata |
front 65 Responsible for malaria | back 65 plasmodium |
front 66 paramecium caudatum | back 66 ciliata |
front 67 Hairy flagellum paired with smooth flagellum | back 67 stramenophila |
front 68 Major component of phytoplankton | back 68 diatoms |
front 69 Fossilized diatom walls | back 69 diatomaceous earth |
front 70 Form of diatomaceous earth used in laboratories for filtering | back 70 Kieselguhr |
front 71 Brown algae | back 71 stramenopiles |
front 72 Algal body | back 72 thallus |
front 73 Anchors the stem | back 73 holdfast |
front 74 Eukaryotic super group containing amoebas | back 74 rhizaria |
front 75 Named for porous, generally multicelled chambers called tests | back 75 forams |
front 76 Immediate ancestors of land plants | back 76 archaeplastida |
front 77 Accessory pigment that causes red color; masks choloroplast | back 77 phycoerythrin |
front 78 Phycoerythrin is found in __________ | back 78 red algae |
front 79 Plants descend from ________ | back 79 green algae |
front 80 Two types of green algae | back 80 1. charophytes 2. chlorophytes |
front 81 Includes animals, fungi, and some protists | back 81 unikonts |
front 82 Lobe-like amoebas | back 82 amoebozoans |
front 83 Common unicellular amoebas in soil and water | back 83 gymnamoebas |
front 84 Causes amebic dysentery, the 3rd leading cause of human death due to eukaryotic parasites | back 84 Entamoeba histolytica |
front 85 How long ago did plants start appearing? | back 85 500 MYA |
front 86 4 key traits of land plants: | back 86 1. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes 2. peroxizome enzyme 3. structure of flagellated sperm 4. phramophytes |
front 87 Helps cells break apart during mitosis/meiosis | back 87 phramoplasts |
front 88 Land plants with embryos | back 88 embryophytes |
front 89 4 key traits present in land plants but absent in charophytes | back 89 1. alternation of generations and multicellular, dependent embryos 2. walled spores produced in sporangia 3. multicellular gametangia 4. apical meristems |
front 90 Waxy covering of epidermis | back 90 cuticle |
front 91 Symbiosis between plants and fungi that help plants get nutrients | back 91 mychorizae |
front 92 2 groups of seedless vascular plants | back 92 1. lycophytes 2. pterophytes |
front 93 Club mosses and their relatives | back 93 lycophytes |
front 94 Ferns and their relatives | back 94 pterophytes |
front 95 Embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat | back 95 seed |