3 most common shapes of prokaryotes
1. spheres (cocci)
2. rods (bacilli)
3. sprials
A network of sugar polymers cross-linked by polypeptides that make up bacterial walls
peptidoglycan
Polysaccharide that covers some prokaryotes
capsule
Allows some prokaryotes stick to substrates or other individuals in colony
fimbrae
Longer than fimbriae and allow prokaryotes to exchange DNA
pili
Ability to move toward or away from any stimulus in a heterogenous environment
Taxis
Taxis of chemicals
Chemotaxis
Key structure involved in taxis
Flagella
Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have less DNA?
Prokaryotes
Shape of chromosome in most prokaryotes
Circular
Region in prokaryotes that is unbound and houses DNA
Nucleoid
How prokaryotes reproduce every 1-3 hours
Binary fission
Key features of reproduction in prokaryotes
- small
- use binary fission
- short generation times
Formed by many prokaryotes; metabolically inactive and remain viable in harsh conditions for centures
Endospores
3 factors that contribue to the genetic diversity of prokaryotes
1. rapid reproduction
2. mutation
3. genetic recombination
Process by which a prokaryotic cell can take up and incorporate foreign naked DNA from the surrounding environment
Transformation
The movement of genes between bacteria and bacteriophages
Transduction
Viruses that infect bacteria
Bacteriophagues
The process where genetic materials is transferred between prokaryotic cells
Conjugation
Piece of DNA required for the production of pili
F factor
Carry genes for antbiotic resistance
R plasmid
How are prokaryotes classified?
how they obtain energy and carbon
Obtain energy from light
phototrophs
Obtain energy from chemicals
chemotrophs
Require CO2 as a carbon source
autotrophs
Require an organic nutrient to make organic compounds
heterotrophs
Rrequires O2 for cell respiration
obligate aerobes
Poisoned by O2 and use fermintation or anaerobic respiration
obligate anaerobes
Can survive with or without O2
facultative anaerobes
What element is essential for the production of amino acids and nucleic acids?
Nitrogen
Some prokaryotes convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3)
nitrogen fixation
_____________ has allowed for more rapid sequencing of prokaryote genomes
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Archaea able to live in extreme environment
extremophiles
Live in high saline environments
extreme halophiles
Live in high temp environments
extreme thermophiles
Live in swamps and marshes and produce methane as a waste product
mathenogens
Where do chlamidya live?
Animal cells
What does spiro cause?
syphillis
Both organisms benefit
nutualism
One benefists, one is unaffected
commensalism
Organism called parasite damages its host
parasitism
Secreted and cause disease even if producers are not present
exotoxins
Secreted when animals die
endotoxins
The use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment
bioremediations
Photoautotrophs contain _________
chloroplast
____________ absorb organic molecules or ingest large food molecules
heterotrophs
____________ mix photosynthesis and heterotrophic behaviors
mixotroph
5 eukarya super groups
1. Excavata
2. Chromaveolata
3. Rhizaria
4. Archaeplastid
5. Unikonta
Characterized by exoskeleton
excavata
Includes diplomonads and parabasalids
excavata
Contain modified mitochondria called mitosomes
diplomonads
Responsible for traveler's diarrhea
diplomonads
Contain reduced mitochondria called hydrenosomes
parabasalids
Responsible for trichomonas vaginalis
parabasalids
Contain single mitochondran with an organized mass of DNA called kinetoplast
eugleonzoans
Responsible for sleeping sickness in humans
eugleonzoans
Contains membrane-bound sacs just under plasma membrane
alveolata
Three types of alveolata
1. dinoflagellates
2. apicomplexans
3. ciliata
Contains two flagella, each reinforced by cellulose plates
dinoflagellates
Responsible for "red tide"
dinoflagellates
Animal parasites that cause serious human diseases
apicomplexans
Infectious cells used to spread to host
sporozoites
Contains complex of organelles specialized for penetration in host cells and tissues
apicomplexan apex
Contains two nucleae
ciliata
Responsible for malaria
plasmodium
paramecium caudatum
ciliata
Hairy flagellum paired with smooth flagellum
stramenophila
Major component of phytoplankton
diatoms
Fossilized diatom walls
diatomaceous earth
Form of diatomaceous earth used in laboratories for filtering
Kieselguhr
Brown algae
stramenopiles
Algal body
thallus
Anchors the stem
holdfast
Eukaryotic super group containing amoebas
rhizaria
Named for porous, generally multicelled chambers called tests
forams
Immediate ancestors of land plants
archaeplastida
Accessory pigment that causes red color; masks choloroplast
phycoerythrin
Phycoerythrin is found in __________
red algae
Plants descend from ________
green algae
Two types of green algae
1. charophytes
2. chlorophytes
Includes animals, fungi, and some protists
unikonts
Lobe-like amoebas
amoebozoans
Common unicellular amoebas in soil and water
gymnamoebas
Causes amebic dysentery, the 3rd leading cause of human death due to eukaryotic parasites
Entamoeba histolytica
How long ago did plants start appearing?
500 MYA
4 key traits of land plants:
1. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes
2. peroxizome enzyme
3. structure of flagellated sperm
4. phramophytes
Helps cells break apart during mitosis/meiosis
phramoplasts
Land plants with embryos
embryophytes
4 key traits present in land plants but absent in charophytes
1. alternation of generations and multicellular, dependent embryos
2. walled spores produced in sporangia
3. multicellular gametangia
4. apical meristems
Waxy covering of epidermis
cuticle
Symbiosis between plants and fungi that help plants get nutrients
mychorizae
2 groups of seedless vascular plants
1. lycophytes
2. pterophytes
Club mosses and their relatives
lycophytes
Ferns and their relatives
pterophytes
Embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat
seed