front 1 Biology | back 1 Scientific study of life |
front 2 What is science? | back 2 An approach to understanding the natural world that is based on inquiry |
front 3 Data | back 3 Recorded observations |
front 4 How can we define life? | back 4 Order Regulation Growth and development energy utilization response reproduction evolution |
front 5 Biology studied on how many levels? | back 5
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front 6 Smallest level of organization that displays all of the properties of life? | back 6 cell |
front 7 Scientific method? | back 7 Scientific investigation involving the observation of phenomina , the formulation of a hypothesis concerning the phenomena, and experimentation to demonstrate the true or falseness of the hypoth. |
front 8 Hypothesis?* | back 8 A proposed answer to a set of observations |
front 9 Theory | back 9 Explanation supported by abundant evidence |
front 10 Ecosystem?* | back 10 all the living organisms in an area and the nonliving parts of the area and the interactions amongst all these living and nonliving parts. |
front 11 Nutrients are recycled and _____ flows ? | back 11 Energy |
front 12 The air we breathe is made up of? | back 12 70% Nitrogen and 20% oxygen |
front 13 All organisms are composed of? | back 13 cells |
front 14 Prokaryotic cell | back 14 Smaller and simpler structure, DNA concentrated in nucleoid region not enclosed by membrane, lack most organelles. |
front 15 Eukaryotic Cell? | back 15 Larger more complex structure, nucleus enclosed, contains many types of organelles. |
front 16 Cell Theory? | back 16 All living things have at least the cellular level of organization. |
front 17 All cells carry what? | back 17 Genetic information in which they pass to their offspring in the form of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid). |
front 18 Who is Rachel Carson?* | back 18 She wrote the book “Silent Spring” which was the key publication for the modern environmental movement. (Ecology and Evolutionary biology are related) |
front 19 Precautionary Principle? | back 19 Don’t do something if the consequences are uncertain or possibly dangerous. |
front 20 What derives changes through nat. selection?* | back 20 Organisms ability to adapt to their environment. |
front 21 Taxonomy? | back 21 A branch of biology that names and classifies species. |
front 22 What are the units of classification of life? | back 22
(In order from largest to smallest) |
front 23 What are the largest 3 Domains? | back 23 Bacteria Archaea Eukarya |
front 24 Eukarya has 3 smaller divisions? | back 24
(protists= 4th group within this domain) |
front 25 What is the most important unifying concept in modern biology? | back 25 The theory of Evolution by natural selection |
front 26 Unifying concept of Evolution created by who? | back 26 Charles Darwin (in 1859) |
front 27 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic | back 27 What are the major themes of Biology? * |
front 28 What are the major themes of Biology | back 28
A change in population over time in genetically determined characteristics. (remember individuals don’t evolve, populations evolve) The way in which we learn about the world. |
front 29 What is evolution? | back 29 A change in population over time in genetically determined characteristics. (remember individuals don’t evolve, populations evolve) The way in which we learn about the world. |
front 30 Scientific Inquiry? | back 30 Science done through observation of the physical or natural world. (Darwin’s work) |
front 31 Is the scientific process done in isolation? | back 31 no |
front 32 Who is Jane Goodall?* | back 32 An anthropologist who transformed the way we understand chimpanzees, other animals, and our role in caring for the planet. |
front 33 Serendipity? | back 33 luck ex: Flemings discovery of penecillin |
front 34 What are the steps of the scientific method? | back 34
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front 35 How does the average person encounter science? | back 35 Technology *it applies scientific knowledge *Society is technology dependent |
front 36 What is Photosynthesis?* | back 36 It takes CO2 and H20 + energy given (Sun light) and makes C6 H12 O6 + O2 (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen) aka Glucose |
front 37 What is the reverse of photosynthesis? | back 37 Cellular respiration (Phot. And CL = the carbon cycle) |
front 38 What is a species? | back 38 A group of organisms that live in the same place and the same time and have potential to breed together. |
front 39 What are autotrophs? | back 39 An organism that produces its own food. |
front 40 What are heterotrophs? | back 40 An organism that cannot create its own food and must consume other organisms or plants. |
front 41 Matter (CH2) | back 41 Anything that occupies space and has mass. |
front 42 What is matter composed of? | back 42 Elements |
front 43 Element | back 43 A substance that cannot be broken down by chemical methods. |
front 44 Atom | back 44 Smallest unit of an element that retains the characteristics of an element. |
front 45 Atomic Number | back 45 top # # of protons |
front 46 Average atomic mass | back 46 bottom # sum of protons and neutrons |
front 47 Compound | back 47 A substance formed by the chemical reaction of two or more elements. The elements in a compound are combined in fixed ratios. Ex: H2O |
front 48 Elements required for life: | back 48 C,H,N,O,P,S,Ca,K,Na,Cl,Mg aka: Carbon(C), hydrogen(H), nitrogen(N), oxygen(O), Phosphorus(P), Sulfur(S), Calcium(CA), Potassium(K), sodium(Na), Chlorine(Cl), Magnesium(Mg) |
front 49 What is Oxygen gas? | back 49 O2 |
front 50 Which four elements are most abundant in cells? | back 50 C,H,N,O |
front 51 How many of the 92 naturally occurring elements are used by living organisms? | back 51 25 |
front 52 Proton | back 52 Subatomic particle with single unit of POS charge, in nucleus, has mass |
front 53 Neutron | back 53 Electrically neutral, outside of nucleus in elct cloud |
front 54 Electron | back 54 Subatomic particle with a NEG charge, has mass, in nucleus, has mass |
front 55 Mass is determined by | back 55 # of protons and neutrons (bc electrons have no weight!) |
front 56 All atoms of C have 6 _______but the # of _____ varies. | back 56 Protons, neutrons |
front 57 Isotopes | back 57 A variant form of an atom, different isotopes of an element have the same # of protons and different # of neutrons. |
front 58 When sodium ionizes it becomes? | back 58 Neutral |
front 59 Radioactive Isotopes | back 59 one in which the nucleus decays spontaneously |
front 60 Chemical bond | back 60 An attraction between two atoms resulting from a sharing of outer shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms. |
front 61 Ions | back 61 atoms or molecules that are electrically charged as a result of gaining or losing electrons. |
front 62 Molecules | back 62 A group of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. |
front 63 Ionic bond | back 63 An attraction between two ions with opposite electrical charges. |
front 64 Covalent bond | back 64 When two atoms share one or more electrons |
front 65 Polar Covalent | back 65 bonds have opposite charges on opposite ends. |
front 66 Non-polar Covalent | back 66 the electronegativity of atoms is equal |
front 67 Hydrogen bond | back 67 weak chemical bond formed when a partially positive hydrogen atom from one polar molecule is attracted to the partially negative atom in another molecule (or in another part of the same molecule). |
front 68 Polar molecule | back 68 one with uneven distribution of charge that creates two poles, 1 Pos and 1 Neg. |
front 69 What occupies the space around the nucleus? | back 69 Energy shells |
front 70 What makes it easier to ionize? | back 70 a decreasing number of electrons on the outermost shell |
front 71 How many electrons are on the 1st shell? 2nd? 3rd? | back 71 2,8,8 |
front 72 Columns have the same amount of energy shells and the same amount of_____? | back 72 Reactivity |
front 73 How are elements arranged on the periodic table of elements? | back 73 mass, e- # in the outer shell, and the number of shells |
front 74 Why are radioisotopes useful medical tools? | back 74 because the emission of energy and subatomic particles is traceable. |
front 75 Radioactive decay can transform an isotope into_________? | back 75 an atom of a different element |
front 76 What is radiocarbon dating used for? | back 76 to measure the age of a sample. |
front 77 What can ionizing radiation lead to? | back 77 Acute high level exposure leads to death Chronic exposure can lead to increased incidence of cancer or other diseases. |
front 78 What happened in the Chernobyl reactor of 1986 in Ukraine? | back 78 31 workers died within weeks and thyroid cancer in children increased 10x. |
front 79 What happened in the Fukushima Dai Nuclear reactor meltdown of 2011? | back 79 damage to the plants electrical systems disabled the reactors cooling system. |
front 80 E- in outer most shell (valence e-) determines what? | back 80 the chemical reactivity. |
front 81 In what ways to atoms want to fill their outer most shell with e-? | back 81 1. sharing e- with another atom 2. giving up an e- 3. accepting an e- from another atom |
front 82 cohesion | back 82 the tendency of molecules of the same kind to stick together |
front 83 Chemical reactions | back 83 bonds are broken and reformed (no atoms are created or destroyed) |
front 84 How much of earths surface is covered by water? | back 84 greater than 75% |
front 85 what % of cells are water? | back 85 70-95% |
front 86 4 Major properties of water | back 86 1. cohesion (water stick together)(high surface tension) 2. moderation of temperature(resist changing temp) 3. floating of ice (Ice=least dense, causes floating) 4. solvent for polar substances |
front 87 Surface tension | back 87 measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid |
front 88 Temperature? | back 88 measure of average kinetic energy of molecules |
front 89 Specific Heat? | back 89 the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of substance to change 1 deg. (water has high SH) |
front 90 Heat of vaporization? | back 90 Among of heat needed for 1 g of substance to be converted from liquid to gas. |
front 91 Evaporative cooling? | back 91 when water evaporates from a body carrying away heat, which leaves the body cooler. |
front 92 Hydrophilic | back 92 water loving |
front 93 Hydrophobic | back 93 water hater |
front 94 Amphipathic? | back 94 having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts |
front 95 Ph | back 95 a measurement of the concentration of Hydrogen Ions in a solution |
front 96 What is PH measured in? | back 96 Moles/ liter (molar) |
front 97 Ph scale is __________ and ___________. | back 97 Inverse, logarithmic |
front 98 When do Hydrogen(H) ions form? | back 98 When an H atom loses its electron |
front 99 Acids ionize giving off____? | back 99 H+ |
front 100 What is bad about increased ph in the ocean | back 100 impedes the ability of ocean life to form |
front 101 What is the Schrodinger model? | back 101 shows it isn't possible to know where an electron is at any given time. |
front 102 Who is Friedrich Wohler | back 102 first to synthesize urea |
front 103 Organic Compound? | back 103 a chemical compound containing the element of carbon (and usually Hydrogen) whether produced naturally or synthetically Exceptions: carbonates, bicarbonates, cyanates, carbonic acid, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide (bc they are inorganic) |
front 104 What are the 3 types of models? | back 104 1. Structural formula 2. Ball-and-stick modal 3. space-filling modal |
front 105 Valence shell | back 105 the outermost shell |
front 106 Carbon has a valence of how many electrons? | back 106 4 |
front 107 Properties of inorganic molecules depends on what? | back 107 C-skeletons |
front 108 Polymerization? | back 108 small inorganic molecules linking together to for very large organic molecules |
front 109 Polysacharride | back 109 long chains of sugars or complex carbo hydrates |
front 110 Monosacharride | back 110 simple sugars also the main fuel molecules of the cell |
front 111 Name a monosacharride | back 111 glucose |
front 112 Disacharride | back 112 double sugar |
front 113 Dehydration reaction vs hydrolysis? | back 113 DR - building polymer chain Hyd- breaking a polymer chain |
front 114 What are the four families of organic molecules? | back 114 Monomeric Polymeric Example 1. Monosacharride Polysacharrides Starch 2. Amino Acids Proteins Albumin 3. Fatty acids Lipids Tryglyceride 4. Nucleotides Nucleic Acids DNA |
front 115 The exoskeleton of invertebrates has an exoskeleton made of ______? | back 115 Fungi |
front 116 Fats are known as _______? | back 116 Lipids (they are amphipathic) |
front 117 What are the cellular function of lipids? | back 117 1. Food source 2. Energy Source 3. Membrane structure |
front 118 Fatty Acids are stored as fats & oils in the form of triglycerides | back 118 triglycerides |
front 119 Define Saturated fats? What state are they in at room temperature? | back 119 hydrocarbon chains contain maximum number of hydrogens, therefore have no double covalent bonds. Solid at room temperature. |
front 120 Define Unsaturated fats? What state are they in at room temperature? | back 120 hydrocarbon chains lack the maximum number of hydrogen atoms, therefore have one or more covalent bonds. Liquid at room temperature. |
front 121 What is the main component of biological membranes? | back 121 phospholipids, they have a glycerol backbone, tow fatty acids, and an additional functional group attached. |
front 122 _________ is a lipid, and always has a carbon skeleton with four fuzed rings Hint | back 122 steroids |
front 123 What steroid acts as the molecular building block of the human steroid hormones? | back 123 Cholesterol |
front 124 What is hydrogenation? | back 124 converting saturated fats into unsaturated fats by adding hydrogen |
front 125 What do all amino acids share? | back 125 functional groups |
front 126 What is a peptide bond? | back 126 the bond that joins adjacent amino acids |
front 127 Polypeptide | back 127 Long chain of amino acids |
front 128 What are the building blocks for protein | back 128 amino acids |
front 129 what are the major types of protein? | back 129 structure, storage, contractile, transport, enzymes |
front 130 Enzymes? | back 130 catalysts for reactions |
front 131 The majority of enzymes are _________ molecules. | back 131 protein |
front 132 A functional protein consists of? | back 132 one or more polypeptides that has been precisely twisted, folded, and coiled into a unique shape. |
front 133 The function of protein is an emergent property resulting from its specific _____________ | back 133 molecular order |
front 134 Proteins have 3 levels of structure... | back 134 Primary, secondary, and tertiary |
front 135 What is a quaternary structure? | back 135 protein with four polypeptides |
front 136 What are the 3 types of nucleotides? | back 136 1. nitrogenous base 2. phosphate group 3. five carbon sugar |
front 137 Nucleotides are the building block for? | back 137 Nucleic acids |
front 138 Gene? | back 138 a unit of inheritance encoded in a specific stretch of DNAw |
front 139 what is a sugar phosphate backbone | back 139 a repeating pattern of sugar phosphate with the bases hanging off the backbone like appendages |
front 140 Double helix? | back 140 the form assumed by DNA in living cells, referring to its two adjacent polynucletide strands would into a spiral shape. |
front 141 DNA contains ____ polynucleotide strands, each composed of ____ kinds of nucleotides. | back 141 2, 4 |
front 142 In DNA strands A pairs with____and G pairs with ____. | back 142 A=T G=C |
front 143 Which type of fats are least healthy? | back 143 Trans fats. |
front 144 What type of fats are especially healthy? | back 144 omega 3s |
front 145 What are the monomers of all proteins? | back 145 amino acids |
front 146 Which of these is not made of enzymes? Hair, muscle, cellulose, enzymes | back 146 cellulose |