Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology: Biology Exam 1 Flashcards

Scientific study of life

An approach to understanding the natural world that is based on inquiry

Recorded observations

Order

Regulation

Growth and development

energy utilization

response

reproduction

evolution

1. Biosphere – all life and all places where life exists
2. Ecosystem – all living and non-living organisms in a particular area
3. Community – all organisms in an ecosystem
4. population – groups of interacting individuals of same species
5. Organisms - an individual living thing
6. Organ systems and organ – two or more organs in organ system
7. Tissue – group of similar cells performing a specific function
8. Cell – smallest unit that can display the characteristics of life
9. Organelle – functional components of cells (Smaller structure inside a cell)
10. Molecules and atoms – atoms are chemical units, molecules are clusters of chemical units (Smallest biology can study)

cell

Scientific investigation involving the observation of phenomina , the formulation of a hypothesis concerning the phenomena, and experimentation to demonstrate the true or falseness of the hypoth.

A proposed answer to a set of observations

Explanation supported by abundant evidence

all the living organisms in an area and the nonliving parts of the area and the interactions amongst all these living and nonliving parts.

Energy

70% Nitrogen and 20% oxygen

cells

Smaller and simpler structure, DNA concentrated in nucleoid region not enclosed by membrane, lack most organelles.

Larger more complex structure, nucleus enclosed, contains many types of organelles.

All living things have at least the cellular level of organization.

Genetic information in which they pass to their offspring in the form of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid).

She wrote the book “Silent Spring” which was the key publication for the modern environmental movement. (Ecology and Evolutionary biology are related)

Don’t do something if the consequences are uncertain or possibly dangerous.

Organisms ability to adapt to their environment.

A branch of biology that names and classifies species.

1. Domain
2. Kingdom
3. Phylum
4. Class
5. Order
6. Family
7. Genus
8. Species *Use Genus and species name together

(In order from largest to smallest)

Bacteria

Archaea

Eukarya

1. Plantae – All plants
2. Fungi – Ex mushrooms
3. Animalia – All Animals

(protists= 4^th group within this domain)

The theory of Evolution by natural selection

Charles Darwin (in 1859)

What are the major themes of Biology? *

1. Evolution
2. Structure/ Function
3. Information Flow
4. Energy transformations
5. Interconnections within systems

A change in population over time in genetically determined characteristics.

(remember individuals don’t evolve, populations evolve)

The way in which we learn about the world.

A change in population over time in genetically determined characteristics.

(remember individuals don’t evolve, populations evolve)

The way in which we learn about the world.

Science done through observation of the physical or natural world. (Darwin’s work)

no

An anthropologist who transformed the way we understand chimpanzees, other animals, and our role in caring for the planet.

luck

ex: Flemings discovery of penecillin

1. Observation
2. Question
3. Hypothesis
4. Prediction
5. Experiment

Technology *it applies scientific knowledge

*Society is technology dependent

It takes CO2 and H20 + energy given (Sun light) and makes

C6 H12 O6 + O2 (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen) aka Glucose

Cellular respiration (Phot. And CL = the carbon cycle)

A group of organisms that live in the same place and the same time and have potential to breed together.

An organism that produces its own food.

An organism that cannot create its own food and must consume other organisms or plants.

Anything that occupies space and has mass.

Elements

A substance that cannot be broken down by chemical methods.

Smallest unit of an element that retains the characteristics of an element.

top #

# of protons

bottom #

sum of protons and neutrons

A substance formed by the chemical reaction of two or more elements. The elements in a compound are combined in fixed ratios.

Ex: H2O

C,H,N,O,P,S,Ca,K,Na,Cl,Mg

aka:

Carbon(C), hydrogen(H), nitrogen(N), oxygen(O), Phosphorus(P), Sulfur(S), Calcium(CA), Potassium(K), sodium(Na), Chlorine(Cl), Magnesium(Mg)

O2

C,H,N,O

25

Subatomic particle with single unit of POS charge, in nucleus, has mass

Electrically neutral, outside of nucleus in elct cloud

Subatomic particle with a NEG charge, has mass, in nucleus, has mass

# of protons and neutrons (bc electrons have no weight!)

Protons, neutrons

A variant form of an atom, different isotopes of an element have the same # of protons and different # of neutrons.

Neutral

one in which the nucleus decays spontaneously

An attraction between two atoms resulting from a sharing of outer shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms.

atoms or molecules that are electrically charged as a result of gaining or losing electrons.

A group of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.

An attraction between two ions with opposite electrical charges.

When two atoms share one or more electrons

bonds have opposite charges on opposite ends.

the electronegativity of atoms is equal

weak chemical bond formed when a partially positive hydrogen atom from one polar molecule is attracted to the partially negative atom in another molecule (or in another part of the same molecule).

one with uneven distribution of charge that creates two poles, 1 Pos and 1 Neg.

Energy shells

a decreasing number of electrons on the outermost shell

2,8,8

Reactivity

mass, e- # in the outer shell, and the number of shells

because the emission of energy and subatomic particles is traceable.

an atom of a different element

to measure the age of a sample.

Acute high level exposure leads to death

Chronic exposure can lead to increased incidence of cancer or other diseases.

31 workers died within weeks and thyroid cancer in children increased 10x.

damage to the plants electrical systems disabled the reactors cooling system.

the chemical reactivity.

1. sharing e- with another atom

2. giving up an e-

3. accepting an e- from another atom

the tendency of molecules of the same kind to stick together

bonds are broken and reformed (no atoms are created or destroyed)

greater than 75%

70-95%

1. cohesion (water stick together)(high surface tension)

2. moderation of temperature(resist changing temp)

3. floating of ice (Ice=least dense, causes floating)

4. solvent for polar substances

measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid

measure of average kinetic energy of molecules

the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of substance to change 1 deg. (water has high SH)

Among of heat needed for 1 g of substance to be converted from liquid to gas.

when water evaporates from a body carrying away heat, which leaves the body cooler.

water loving

water hater

having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

a measurement of the concentration of Hydrogen Ions in a solution

Moles/ liter (molar)

Inverse, logarithmic

When an H atom loses its electron

H+

impedes the ability of ocean life to form

shows it isn't possible to know where an electron is at any given time.

first to synthesize urea

a chemical compound containing the element of carbon (and usually Hydrogen) whether produced naturally or synthetically

Exceptions: carbonates, bicarbonates, cyanates, carbonic acid, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide (bc they are inorganic)

1. Structural formula

2. Ball-and-stick modal

3. space-filling modal

the outermost shell

4

C-skeletons

small inorganic molecules linking together to for very large organic molecules

long chains of sugars or complex carbo hydrates

simple sugars

also the main fuel molecules of the cell

glucose

double sugar

DR - building polymer chain

Hyd- breaking a polymer chain

Monomeric Polymeric Example

1. Monosacharride Polysacharrides Starch

2. Amino Acids Proteins Albumin

3. Fatty acids Lipids Tryglyceride

4. Nucleotides Nucleic Acids DNA

Fungi

Lipids (they are amphipathic)

1. Food source

2. Energy Source

3. Membrane structure

triglycerides

hydrocarbon chains contain maximum number of hydrogens, therefore have no double covalent bonds. Solid at room temperature.

hydrocarbon chains lack the maximum number of hydrogen atoms, therefore have one or more covalent bonds. Liquid at room temperature.

phospholipids, they have a glycerol backbone, tow fatty acids, and an additional functional group attached.

steroids

Cholesterol

converting saturated fats into unsaturated fats by adding hydrogen

functional groups

the bond that joins adjacent amino acids

Long chain of amino acids

amino acids

structure, storage, contractile, transport, enzymes

catalysts for reactions

protein

one or more polypeptides that has been precisely twisted, folded, and coiled into a unique shape.

molecular order

Primary, secondary, and tertiary

protein with four polypeptides

1. nitrogenous base

2. phosphate group

3. five carbon sugar

Nucleic acids

a unit of inheritance encoded in a specific stretch of DNAw

a repeating pattern of sugar phosphate with the bases hanging off the backbone like appendages

the form assumed by DNA in living cells, referring to its two adjacent polynucletide strands would into a spiral shape.

2, 4

A=T

G=C

Trans fats.

omega 3s

amino acids

cellulose