front 1 Osomoregulation | back 1 process of maintain water balance |
front 2 excretion | back 2 removal of liquid waste |
front 3 hyperosomotic | back 3 higher solute and lower free H2O |
front 4 hyposomotic | back 4 lower solute and higher free h2O |
front 5 osmoconformer | back 5 isnt able to cope with excessive water |
front 6 osmoregulator | back 6 maintain of water balance |
front 7 What happen to osmotic stress in freshwater? | back 7 organism will hyperosmotic. water stress because more in the body than out the body. excrete salts ions and large amounts of water in dilute urine |
front 8 What cause osmotic stress in saltwater? | back 8 organism will be hyperosmotic.dissolve more solution in water. excrete small amounts of water |
front 9 osmotic stress in terrestrial environment | back 9 water sources - drinking water eating metabolism most of water human have is from drinking from and 1/3 of water is from what you eat |
front 10 what happen to water in terrestial organisms | back 10 loss water to the environment |
front 11 liquid wastes | back 11 removed via process of nitrogenous wastes |
front 12 who break down amnonia to urea | back 12 most amphibians,sharks,and some bony fishes |
front 13 who's breakdown amnonia to uric acid | back 13 many reptiles |
front 14 animal excretory system | back 14 none=porifera and cnidarians protonephridia=flatworms metanephridia= earthworms malphigian tubules= insects, terrestrial arthopod |
front 15 protonephridia | back 15 allows osmoregulate under lower |
front 16 metanephridia | back 16 tubes that associated capillaries and blood vessels of earthworms and fluid can be modify. higher water balance |
front 17 malphigian tubules | back 17 pulling water from hemolymph to nitrogenous wastes a way to regulate fluid inside the body. |
front 18 excretory/urinary stem of vertebrates | back 18 kidney- organ of urinary system ureter urinary bladder(mammals only) |
front 19 variation of urine concentration | back 19 hyposmotic=fish, amphibians, non-avian reptiles hyperosmotic= birds and mammals |
front 20 Why the difference? | back 20 urine concentration is less compare to blood. mammals have more concentration compare to blood so don't loss alot of water |
front 21 mammalian urinary system | back 21 anatomy- kidney- produce urine, conserves water, regulates pH ureter- transport urine from kidney to bladder urinary bladder- stores urine urethra-transports urine from urinary bladder to outside |
front 22 kidney:Gross Anatomy | back 22 Renal artery- bring blood in Renal vein-bring blood out 25% of cardiac output goes to kidney each renal prymid release one urine filled spaces |
front 23 Mesosis 1 | back 23 #1 Diploid --> 2 Haploid Reduction in chromosome Pro- crossing over homologous pairs ,eta- line up hortizonal Ana- homologous pairs lined tel- two haploid crossing between homologous pairs of chromosomes--> increase genetic variability |
front 24 Crossing over | back 24 occurs between homologous pairs of chromosome during Prophase 1 piece of DNA exchange between chromatids --> chiasma -->genetic recombination humans- x-over occurs - 2 times /chromosome pair 2^23 possibility of crossing over |
front 25 meiosis 2 | back 25 no change chromosome number -> mitosis prophase 2 - Meta 2-lineup ana- sister chromatid tel-four daughter cells |
front 26 male primary sex organs | back 26 organ- testes function- produce spermatoga spermatogenesis+ spermogenesis |
front 27 semiforous tubules | back 27 where spermogenesis ishappening, can go through mitosis and mesosis most of goes through spermtogenesis basically like meiosis. where spermogenesis make its theshape. |
front 28 hormonal regulation | back 28 hypothalamus release GnRh then travels to Ant.Pituary gland then released FSH&LH |
front 29 Gonadotropin | back 29 influence gonad negative feedback loop where inhibin is produce n the sperm to prevent too much |
front 30 Female reproductive cycle | back 30 primary organ-vagina functions- produce egg two parts ovarian cycle uterine cycle |
front 31 ovarian cycle | back 31 ovarian follicles are changing. consist of- oocyte which is surround by follicular cells. |
front 32 associated with prometeral follicles | back 32 not active which will called primary follicles when become active. primary estrogen. ovarian cells been produce estrogen then it change |
front 33 when we communicate, what is sent? | back 33 Nerves impulses |
front 34 communication within an organism can happen through two ways | back 34 Electrical Chemical |
front 35 what is organ system ? | back 35 nervous system |
front 36 what is neurons? | back 36 basic functional unit 3 basic properties such as axons, cell body, and dendrite |
front 37 divisions of nervous system | back 37
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front 38 Central nervous system | back 38
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front 39 peripheral nervous system | back 39
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front 40 motor division | back 40
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front 41 sensory division | back 41
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front 42 somatic nervous system | back 42 voluntary conducts impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles |
front 43 autonomic nervous system | back 43 involuntary conducts impulses from CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands |
front 44 sympathetic division | back 44 mobilizes body system during emergency situations |
front 45 parasympathetic division | back 45 conserves energy promotes nonemergency functions |
front 46 Glial cells | back 46 no data |
front 47 Myelin | back 47 formed by oligodendrocytes in CNS and Schwann cells in PNS High lipid content diet fat is important to early nervous system development myelin is like rubber insulation aroun neurons |
front 48 disease of myelin sheath | back 48 Mutliple sclerosis- oligodendrocytes and myelin sheath of CNS deteriorate. replaced by scar tissue. nerve conduction is disrupted Tay Sachs cause of nerve cells in CNS |
front 49 Resting membrane potential | back 49 ions are unevenly distributed between extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid intracellular fluid has high potassium concentration extracellular fluid has high levels of sodium |
front 50 action potential | back 50
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front 51 repolarization | back 51 voltage gated, K leaves the cell negative inside cell NA-K pump restores memebrane potential to -70 mv |
front 52 Synapses | back 52 neuron and another cell neurotransmitter when sodium goes inside the cell potential increase |
front 53 CNS- Gray and white matter | back 53 gray matter
white matter
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front 54 spinal cord | back 54 information highway to brain and trunk/ limbs enclosed in 3 menigeal layers conduct sensory impulses from PNS to brain conduct motor impulses from brain to skeletal muscles. smooth muscles. heart, glands integration of reflexes |
front 55 reflexes and the reflex arc | back 55 receptor
sensory (unipolar) neuron
integration center region of spinal cord where incoming sensory information generates outgoing motor impulse contain interneurons motor (multipolar) neuron transmits nerve impulses to muscle/ gland through ventral root to spinal nerve Effector organ (gland or muscle) that responds to impulse from the motor neuron |