Campbell Biology: Final Flashcards

process of maintain water balance

removal of liquid waste

higher solute and lower free H2O

lower solute and higher free h2O

isnt able to cope with excessive water

maintain of water balance

organism will hyperosmotic. water stress because more in the body than out the body. excrete salts ions and large amounts of water in dilute urine

organism will be hyperosmotic.dissolve more solution in water. excrete small amounts of water

water sources

- drinking water

eating

metabolism

most of water human have is from drinking from and 1/3 of water is from what you eat

loss water to the environment

removed via process of nitrogenous wastes

most amphibians,sharks,and some bony fishes

many reptiles

none=porifera and cnidarians

protonephridia=flatworms

metanephridia= earthworms

malphigian tubules= insects, terrestrial arthopod

allows osmoregulate under lower

tubes that associated capillaries and blood vessels of earthworms and fluid can be modify. higher water balance

pulling water from hemolymph to nitrogenous wastes a way to regulate fluid inside the body.

kidney- organ of urinary system

ureter

urinary bladder(mammals only)

hyposmotic=fish, amphibians, non-avian reptiles

hyperosmotic= birds and mammals

urine concentration is less compare to blood. mammals have more concentration compare to blood so don't loss alot of water

anatomy-

kidney- produce urine, conserves water, regulates pH

ureter- transport urine from kidney to bladder

urinary bladder- stores urine

urethra-transports urine from urinary bladder to outside

Renal artery- bring blood in

Renal vein-bring blood out

25% of cardiac output goes to kidney

each renal prymid release one urine filled spaces

#1 Diploid --> 2 Haploid

Reduction in chromosome

Pro- crossing over homologous pairs

,eta- line up hortizonal

Ana- homologous pairs lined

tel- two haploid

crossing between homologous pairs of chromosomes--> increase genetic variability

occurs between homologous pairs of chromosome during Prophase 1

piece of DNA exchange between chromatids --> chiasma -->genetic recombination

humans- x-over occurs - 2 times /chromosome pair

2^23 possibility of crossing over

no change chromosome number -> mitosis

prophase 2 -

Meta 2-lineup

ana- sister chromatid

tel-four daughter cells

organ- testes

function- produce spermatoga

spermatogenesis+ spermogenesis

where spermogenesis ishappening, can go through mitosis and mesosis most of goes through spermtogenesis basically like meiosis. where spermogenesis make its theshape.

hypothalamus release GnRh then travels to Ant.Pituary gland then released FSH&LH

influence gonad

negative feedback loop where inhibin is produce n the sperm to prevent too much

primary organ-vagina

functions- produce egg

two parts

ovarian cycle

uterine cycle

ovarian follicles are changing. consist of- oocyte which is surround by follicular cells.

not active which will called primary follicles when become active. primary estrogen. ovarian cells been produce estrogen then it change

Nerves impulses

Electrical

Chemical

nervous system

basic functional unit

3 basic properties such as axons, cell body, and dendrite

1. Central nervous system
2. peripheral nervous system
3. motor (efferent) division
4. sensory (afferent) division
5. somatic nervous system
6. autonomic nervous system

• brain and spinal cord
• integrative and control centers

• cranial nerves and spinal nerves
• communicate between the CNS and rest of body

• conduct impulses from CNS to the effectors such as muscle and glands

• somatic and viceral sensory
• conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS

voluntary

conducts impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles

involuntary

conducts impulses from CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands

mobilizes body system during emergency situations

conserves energy

promotes nonemergency functions

...

formed by oligodendrocytes in CNS and Schwann cells in PNS

High lipid content

diet fat is important to early nervous system development

myelin is like rubber insulation aroun neurons

Mutliple sclerosis- oligodendrocytes and myelin sheath of CNS deteriorate. replaced by scar tissue. nerve conduction is disrupted

Tay Sachs

cause of nerve cells in CNS

ions are unevenly distributed between extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid

intracellular fluid has high potassium concentration

extracellular fluid has high levels of sodium

• depolarization
• stimulus
• rest stage
• NA enters cell
• -55 mv reached
• open voltage gated channels
• more NA into the cell
• inside the cell is positive

voltage gated, K leaves the cell

negative inside cell

NA-K pump restores memebrane potential to -70 mv

neuron and another cell

neurotransmitter

when sodium goes inside the cell potential increase

gray matter

• no myelin
• has neuron cell bodies,dendrities,interneurons
• sometimes called neurons in the brain

white matter

• has myelinated axons
• referred to as tracts
• contain neuron cell bodies and glial cells
• not contain myelin

information highway to brain and trunk/ limbs

enclosed in 3 menigeal layers

conduct sensory impulses from PNS to brain

conduct motor impulses from brain to skeletal muscles. smooth muscles. heart, glands

integration of reflexes

receptor

• responds to stimulus
• nerve impulse initiated in a sensory neuron

sensory (unipolar) neuron

• cell body is in dorsal root ganglion
• nerve impulses travel into spinal cord through dorsal root to posterior horn of gray matter

integration center

region of spinal cord where incoming sensory information generates outgoing motor impulse

contain interneurons

motor (multipolar) neuron

transmits nerve impulses to muscle/ gland through ventral root to spinal nerve

Effector

organ (gland or muscle) that responds to impulse from the motor neuron