front 1 Which of the following skull types is considered average in size and shape? a. mesocephalic b. brachycephalic c. dolichocephalic | back 1 a. mesocephalic |
front 2 Which skull type is narrow from side to side? a. mesocephalic b. dolichocephalic c. brachycephalic | back 2 b. dolichocephalic |
front 3 In a typically shaped head, the petrous pyramids project anteriorly and medially at what angle? a. 37 degrees b. 40 degrees c. 47 degrees d. 54 degrees | back 3 c. 47 degrees |
front 4 Which plane of the head is placed parallel to the plane of the IR for a lateral projection of the skull? a. sagittal b. transverse c. midsagittal d. midcoronal | back 4 c. midsagittal |
front 5 The central ray and center of the IR position for a lateral projection of the skull is: a. 1 inch below the EAM b. 2 inches below the EAM c. 1 inch above the EAM d. 2 inches above the EAM | back 5 d. 2 inches above the EAM |
front 6 Which of the following is true regarding the lateral projection of the skull? 1.) the midsagittal plane of the head is parallel to the plane of the IR 2.) the interpupillary line is perpendicular to the IR 3.) the mentomeatal line is parallel with the bottom edge of the IR a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 1, 2, and 3 | back 6 a. 1 and 2 |
front 7 Which of the following should be seen superimposed on a lateral projection of the skull? 1.) orbital roofs 2.) external acoustic meati 3.) temporomandibular joints a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 1, 2, and 3 | back 7 d. 1, 2, and 3 |
front 8 Which method of examining the skull will demonstrate the petrous ridges in the orbits, the ethmoid and frontal sinuses, and the crista galli? a. Towne b. Caldwell c. Schüller d. Rhese | back 8 d. Caldwell |
front 9 The central-ray angle for the PA axial (Caldwell) projection of the skull is: a. 5 degrees cephalad b. 10 degrees cephalad c. 12 degrees caudad d. 15 degrees caudad | back 9 d. 15 degrees caudad |
front 10 Which of the following is perpendicular to the plane of the IR for a Caldwell projection of the skull? a. glabellomeatal line b. acanthiomeatal line c. orbitomeatal line d. mentomeatal line | back 10 c. orbitomeatal line |
front 11 Often a patient cannot be turned into the prone position for a PA axial projection of the skull (Caldwell method). What central-ray angle could be used if the AP axial projection is used instead? a. 10 degrees caudad b. 15 degrees cephalad c. 10 to 15 degrees caudad d. 10 to 15 degrees cephalad | back 11 b. 15 degrees cephalad |
front 12 Which of the following lines is placed perpendicular to the plane of the IR for the AP axial (Towne) projection? a. orbitomeatal line b. infraorbitomeatal line c. glabellomeatal line d. acanthiomeatal line | back 12 a. orbitomeatal line |
front 13 If the patient cannot flex the neck to place the orbitomeatal line perpendicular to the IR for an AP axial (Towne) projection, which line should be placed perpendicular? a. acanthiomeatal line b. infraorbitomeatal line c. glabellomeatal line d. mentomeatal line | back 13 b. infraorbitomeatal line |
front 14 Which of the following is true regarding the placement of the IR for an AP axial (Towne) projection of the skull? 1.) its upper margin is at the level of the top of the cranium 2.) its upper margin is 2 inches above the top of the cranium 3.) its upper margin is 2 inches below the top of the cranium a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 3 only d. 1, 2, and 3 | back 14 a. 1 only |
front 15 Which method of examining the skull is identified in the figure below? a. Haas b. Towne c. Rhese d. Caldwell | back 15 b. Towne |
front 16 If the infraorbitomeatal line is placed perpendicular to the IR during an AP axial (Towne) projection of the skull, how much is the central ray angled? a. 15 degrees caudad b. 30 degrees caudad c. 37 degrees caudad d. 45 degrees caudad | back 16 c. 37 degrees caudad |
front 17 Which of the following is clearly demonstrated within the foramen magnum during an AP axial (Towne) projection of the skull? 1.) dorsum sellae 2.) sella turcica 3.) posterior clinoid processes a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 1, 2, and 3 | back 17 b. 1 and 3 |
front 18 What is the central-ray angulation for demonstration of the entire foramen magnum during an AP axial (Towne) projection? a. 37 degrees caudad b. 40 degrees caudad c. 60 degrees caudad d. 40 to 60 degrees caudad | back 18 d. 40 to 60 degrees caudad |
front 19 Which of the following methods will clearly demonstrate the petrous ridges, foramen magnum, dorsum sellae, and posterior clinical processes? 1.) Haas (PA axial) 2.) Towne (AP axial) 3.) Schüller (SMV) a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 1, 2, and 3 | back 19 a. 1 and 2 |
front 20 What is the average central-ray angulation for the PA axial (Haas) projection of the skull? a. 25 degrees caudad b. 25 degrees cephalad c. 30 degrees caudad d. 30 degrees cephalad | back 20 b. 25 degrees cephalad |
front 21 Which line should be placed parallel to the plane of the IR for the SMV projection of the cranial base? a. acanthiomeatal line b. orbitomeatal line c. infraorbitomeatal line d. mentomeatal line | back 21 c. infraorbitomeatal line |
front 22 Radiographic demonstration of the cranial base is performed by which method? a. Haas b. Rhese c. Towne d. Schüller | back 22 d. Schüller |
front 23 What is the central-ray angulation for the SMV projection? a. 0 degrees b. 5 degrees caudad c. 5 degrees cephalad d. 5 to 7 degrees cephalad | back 23 a. 0 degrees |
front 24 The x-ray projection demonstrated in the figure below is the: a. SMV b. VSM c. AP axial d. PA axial | back 24 b. VSM |
front 25 For an SMV projection of the cranial base, the central ray should always be perpendicular to the: a. mentomeatal line b. orbitomeatal line c. infraorbitomeatal line d. acanthiomeatal line | back 25 c. infraorbitomeatal line |
front 26 Which of the following are clearly demonstrated on an SMV projection of the cranial base? 1.) mastoid process 2.) sphenoid process 3.) carotid canals a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 1, 2, and 3 | back 26 d. 1, 2, and 3 |
front 27 Which of the following methods will demonstrate the optic canal? a. Rhese b. Towne c. Schüller d. Caldwell | back 27 a. Rhese |
front 28 Which line is placed perpendicular to the IR for the parietoorbital oblique (Rhese) projection of the optic canal? a. mentomeatal line b. acanthiomeatal line c. orbitomeatal line d. infraorbitomeatal line | back 28 b. acanthiomeatal line |
front 29 How many degrees is the head rotated for the parietoorbital (Rhese) projection of the optic canal? a. 30 degrees b. 45 degrees c. 53 degrees d. 60 degrees | back 29 c. 53 degrees |
front 30 The central-ray angulation for the parietoorbital (Rhese) projection of the optic canal is: a. 0 degrees b. 5 degrees c. 10 degrees d. 15 degrees | back 30 a. 0 degrees |
front 31 Which of the following would be demonstrated in the projection shown in the figure below? a. petrous ridge b. sphenoid sinus c. optic canal d. zygomatic arch | back 31 c. optic canal |
front 32 Which parts of the patient's face touch the table for a PA axial projection (Caldwell method)? 1.) forehead 2.) nose 3.) chin a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 1, 2, and 3 | back 32 a.1 and 2 |
front 33 Which of the following are demonstrated on an AP axial (Towne method) projection of the skull? 1.) petrous pyramids 2.) occipital bone 3.) posterior portion of the foramen magnum a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 1, 2, and 3 | back 33 d. 1, 2, and 3 |
front 34 For an optimal image of the mastoid process, which of the following must occur? 1.) use of a 0.6-mm focal spot or less 2.) use of a high-resolution screen/IR 3.) use of the smallest possible field size a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 1, 2, and 3 | back 34 d. 1, 2, and 3 |
front 35 For an AP axial Towne Method projection, to what level of the patient should the upper boarder of the IR be aligned? | back 35 Highest point of the vertex (about 2.5 inches superior to the glabella) |
front 36 What image characteristic indicates that a general survey image of the skull is an AP projection instead of a PA projection? | back 36 the orbits are considerably magnified |
front 37 When performing either the AP or AP axial projection for general surveys of the skull, where on the skull should the central ray be directed? | back 37 the nasion |
front 38 For the AP axial projection of the skull, how should the central ray be directed? | back 38 15 degrees cephalic |
front 39 For the AP projection of the skull, how should the central ray be directed? | back 39 Perpendicularly |
front 40 For AP and AP axial projections, how should the OML be positioned with reference to the plane of the IR? | back 40 Perpendicular |
front 41 For AP and AP axial projections, how should the midsagittal plane be positioned with reference to the plane of the IR? | back 41 Perpendicular |
front 42 For the PA projection with a perpendicular central ray, list 5 structures shown: | back 42 - the orbits filled by the margins of the petrous pyramids - the posterior ethmoidal air cells - crista galli - frontal bone - frontal sinuses |
front 43 For PA and PA axial projections of the skull, which parts of the patient's facial area should be in contact with the table or vertical grid device? | back 43 Forehead and nose |
front 44 For PA and PA axial projections of the skull, how should the OML be positioned with reference to the plane of the IR? | back 44 Perpendicular |
front 45 For PA and PA axial projections of the skull, how should the midsagittal plane be positioned with reference to the plane of the IR? | back 45 Perpendicular |
front 46 For a lateral projection of the skull, which positioning line of the head should be parallel with the plane of the IR? | back 46 the IOML |
front 47 For a lateral skull projection, how should the interpupillary line be positioned with reference to the plane of the IR? | back 47 Perpendicular |
front 48 For a lateral skull projection, how should the midsagittal plane be positioned with reference to the plane of the IR? | back 48 Parallel |
front 49 List 5 common positioning errors of the skull: | back 49 - Rotation - Tilt - Excessive Flexion - Excessive Extension - Incorrect central ray |
front 50 What is the most effective way to protect the patient from unnecessary radiation during an x-ray of the skull? | back 50 restricting the radiation beam by using proper collimation |
front 51 The majority of repeat examinations is due to this: | back 51 uncomfortable body position resulting in rotation or other motion |
front 52 In a dolichocephalic skull, the petrous pyramids lie at what angle with the midsagittal plane? | back 52 40 degrees |
front 53 Whether the radiographer elects to perform the exam with the patient in the recumbent or upright position depends on these 4 variables: | back 53 - the equipment available - the age & condition of the patient - radiographer and or radiologist preference whether upright images would increase diagnostic value (ex: showing air-fluid levels in paranasal sinuses) |
front 54 In a brachycephalic skull, the petrous pyramids lie at what angle with the midsagittal plane? | back 54 54 degrees |
front 55 What is the exit point of the CR for the Caldwell Method? | back 55 the nasion at an angle of 15 degrees caudad |
front 56 Where is the CR for the Towne Method? | back 56 2.5" above the glabella |
front 57 What is the exit point of the CR for the Haas Method? | back 57 1.5" superior to the nasion |
front 58 Where is the CR for the SMV method? | back 58 A point 3/4" anterior to the level of the EAM |
front 59 Where is the CR for a lateral projection of the eye? | back 59 Perpendicular through the outer canthus |
front 60 Where is the CR for a lateral skull? | back 60 Perpendicular entering 2" superior to the EAM |
front 61 What is the CR for the lateral dorsal decubitus skull? | back 61 2" above EAM |
front 62 What is the CR angulation for a lateral skull? | back 62 0 degrees |
front 63 What is the CR angulation for a lateral dorsal decubitus skull? | back 63 0 degrees |
front 64 What is the CR angulation for the Caldwell Method (Pa axial)? | back 64 15 degrees caudad |
front 65 What is the CR angulation for an AP/AP axial projection of the skull? | back 65 0 or 15 degrees cephalad |
front 66 What is the CR angulation for the Towne Method? | back 66 30 degrees caudad to the OML or 37 degrees to the IOML |
front 67 What is the CR angulation for the Haas Method? | back 67 25 degrees cephalad |
front 68 What is the CR angulation for the SMV? | back 68 0 degrees |
front 69 What is seen on a lateral skull? | back 69 - Superimposed orbital roofs and greater wings of sphenoid |
front 70 What is seen on a lateral dorsal decubitus? | back 70 - Superimposed orbital roofs and greater wings of sphenoid |
front 71 What is seen on a Caldwell method (PA axial)? | back 71 - Entire cranial perimeter showing three distinct tables of squamous
bone |
front 72 What is seen on an AP axial projection of the skull? | back 72 - Entire cranial perimeter showing three distinct tables of squamous
bone |
front 73 What is seen on a Towne method(AP axial)? | back 73 - Equal distance from lateral border of skull to lateral margin of
foramen magnum on both sides, indicating no rotation |
front 74 What is seen on a Haas method (PA axial)? | back 74 - Projection of dorsum sellae and posterior clinoid processes within
foramen magnum |
front 75 What is seen on an SMV(Schuller Method)? | back 75 - Clearly visible structures of the cranial base, indicated by
adequate penetration |