Chapter 20 Positioning Flashcards

Which of the following skull types is considered average in size and shape?

a. mesocephalic

b. brachycephalic

c. dolichocephalic

Which skull type is narrow from side to side?

a. mesocephalic

b. dolichocephalic

c. brachycephalic

In a typically shaped head, the petrous pyramids project anteriorly and medially at what angle?

a. 37 degrees

b. 40 degrees

c. 47 degrees

d. 54 degrees

Which plane of the head is placed parallel to the plane of the IR for a lateral projection of the skull?

a. sagittal

b. transverse

c. midsagittal

d. midcoronal

The central ray and center of the IR position for a lateral projection of the skull is:

a. 1 inch below the EAM

b. 2 inches below the EAM

c. 1 inch above the EAM

d. 2 inches above the EAM

Which of the following is true regarding the lateral projection of the skull?

1.) the midsagittal plane of the head is parallel to the plane of the IR

2.) the interpupillary line is perpendicular to the IR

3.) the mentomeatal line is parallel with the bottom edge of the IR

a. 1 and 2

b. 1 and 3

c. 2 and 3

d. 1, 2, and 3

Which of the following should be seen superimposed on a lateral projection of the skull?

1.) orbital roofs

2.) external acoustic meati

3.) temporomandibular joints

a. 1 and 2

b. 1 and 3

c. 2 and 3

d. 1, 2, and 3

Which method of examining the skull will demonstrate the petrous ridges in the orbits, the ethmoid and frontal sinuses, and the crista galli?

a. Towne

b. Caldwell

c. Schüller

d. Rhese

The central-ray angle for the PA axial (Caldwell) projection of the skull is:

a. 5 degrees cephalad

b. 10 degrees cephalad

c. 12 degrees caudad

d. 15 degrees caudad

Which of the following is perpendicular to the plane of the IR for a Caldwell projection of the skull?

a. glabellomeatal line

b. acanthiomeatal line

c. orbitomeatal line

d. mentomeatal line

Often a patient cannot be turned into the prone position for a PA axial projection of the skull (Caldwell method). What central-ray angle could be used if the AP axial projection is used instead?

a. 10 degrees caudad

b. 15 degrees cephalad

c. 10 to 15 degrees caudad

d. 10 to 15 degrees cephalad

Which of the following lines is placed perpendicular to the plane of the IR for the AP axial (Towne) projection?

a. orbitomeatal line

b. infraorbitomeatal line

c. glabellomeatal line

d. acanthiomeatal line

If the patient cannot flex the neck to place the orbitomeatal line perpendicular to the IR for an AP axial (Towne) projection, which line should be placed perpendicular?

a. acanthiomeatal line

b. infraorbitomeatal line

c. glabellomeatal line

d. mentomeatal line

Which of the following is true regarding the placement of the IR for an AP axial (Towne) projection of the skull?

1.) its upper margin is at the level of the top of the cranium

2.) its upper margin is 2 inches above the top of the cranium

3.) its upper margin is 2 inches below the top of the cranium

a. 1 only

b. 2 only

c. 3 only

d. 1, 2, and 3

Which method of examining the skull is identified in the figure below?

a. Haas

b. Towne

c. Rhese

d. Caldwell

If the infraorbitomeatal line is placed perpendicular to the IR during an AP axial (Towne) projection of the skull, how much is the central ray angled?

a. 15 degrees caudad

b. 30 degrees caudad

c. 37 degrees caudad

d. 45 degrees caudad

Which of the following is clearly demonstrated within the foramen magnum during an AP axial (Towne) projection of the skull?

1.) dorsum sellae

2.) sella turcica

3.) posterior clinoid processes

a. 1 and 2

b. 1 and 3

c. 2 and 3

d. 1, 2, and 3

What is the central-ray angulation for demonstration of the entire foramen magnum during an AP axial (Towne) projection?

a. 37 degrees caudad

b. 40 degrees caudad

c. 60 degrees caudad

d. 40 to 60 degrees caudad

Which of the following methods will clearly demonstrate the petrous ridges, foramen magnum, dorsum sellae, and posterior clinical processes?

1.) Haas (PA axial)

2.) Towne (AP axial)

3.) Schüller (SMV)

a. 1 and 2

b. 1 and 3

c. 2 and 3

d. 1, 2, and 3

What is the average central-ray angulation for the PA axial (Haas) projection of the skull?

a. 25 degrees caudad

b. 25 degrees cephalad

c. 30 degrees caudad

d. 30 degrees cephalad

Which line should be placed parallel to the plane of the IR for the SMV projection of the cranial base?

a. acanthiomeatal line

b. orbitomeatal line

c. infraorbitomeatal line

d. mentomeatal line

Radiographic demonstration of the cranial base is performed by which method?

a. Haas

b. Rhese

c. Towne

d. Schüller

What is the central-ray angulation for the SMV projection?

a. 0 degrees

b. 5 degrees caudad

c. 5 degrees cephalad

d. 5 to 7 degrees cephalad

The x-ray projection demonstrated in the figure below is the:

a. SMV

b. VSM

c. AP axial

d. PA axial

For an SMV projection of the cranial base, the central ray should always be perpendicular to the:

a. mentomeatal line

b. orbitomeatal line

c. infraorbitomeatal line

d. acanthiomeatal line

Which of the following are clearly demonstrated on an SMV projection of the cranial base?

1.) mastoid process

2.) sphenoid process

3.) carotid canals

a. 1 and 2

b. 1 and 3

c. 2 and 3

d. 1, 2, and 3

Which of the following methods will demonstrate the optic canal?

a. Rhese

b. Towne

c. Schüller

d. Caldwell

Which line is placed perpendicular to the IR for the parietoorbital oblique (Rhese) projection of the optic canal?

a. mentomeatal line

b. acanthiomeatal line

c. orbitomeatal line

d. infraorbitomeatal line

How many degrees is the head rotated for the parietoorbital (Rhese) projection of the optic canal?

a. 30 degrees

b. 45 degrees

c. 53 degrees

d. 60 degrees

The central-ray angulation for the parietoorbital (Rhese) projection of the optic canal is:

a. 0 degrees

b. 5 degrees

c. 10 degrees

d. 15 degrees

Which of the following would be demonstrated in the projection shown in the figure below?

a. petrous ridge

b. sphenoid sinus

c. optic canal

d. zygomatic arch

Which parts of the patient's face touch the table for a PA axial projection (Caldwell method)?

1.) forehead

2.) nose

3.) chin

a. 1 and 2

b. 1 and 3

c. 2 and 3

d. 1, 2, and 3

Which of the following are demonstrated on an AP axial (Towne method) projection of the skull?

1.) petrous pyramids

2.) occipital bone

3.) posterior portion of the foramen magnum

a. 1 and 2

b. 1 and 3

c. 2 and 3

d. 1, 2, and 3

For an optimal image of the mastoid process, which of the following must occur?

1.) use of a 0.6-mm focal spot or less

2.) use of a high-resolution screen/IR

3.) use of the smallest possible field size

a. 1 and 2

b. 1 and 3

c. 2 and 3

d. 1, 2, and 3

For an AP axial Towne Method projection, to what level of the patient should the upper boarder of the IR be aligned?

What image characteristic indicates that a general survey image of the skull is an AP projection instead of a PA projection?

When performing either the AP or AP axial projection for general surveys of the skull, where on the skull should the central ray be directed?

For the AP axial projection of the skull, how should the central ray be directed?

For the AP projection of the skull, how should the central ray be directed?

For AP and AP axial projections, how should the OML be positioned with reference to the plane of the IR?

For AP and AP axial projections, how should the midsagittal plane be positioned with reference to the plane of the IR?

For the PA projection with a perpendicular central ray, list 5 structures shown:

For PA and PA axial projections of the skull, which parts of the patient's facial area should be in contact with the table or vertical grid device?

For PA and PA axial projections of the skull, how should the OML be positioned with reference to the plane of the IR?

For PA and PA axial projections of the skull, how should the midsagittal plane be positioned with reference to the plane of the IR?

For a lateral projection of the skull, which positioning line of the head should be parallel with the plane of the IR?

For a lateral skull projection, how should the interpupillary line be positioned with reference to the plane of the IR?

For a lateral skull projection, how should the midsagittal plane be positioned with reference to the plane of the IR?

List 5 common positioning errors of the skull:

What is the most effective way to protect the patient from unnecessary radiation during an x-ray of the skull?

The majority of repeat examinations is due to this:

In a dolichocephalic skull, the petrous pyramids lie at what angle with the midsagittal plane?

Whether the radiographer elects to perform the exam with the patient in the recumbent or upright position depends on these 4 variables:

In a brachycephalic skull, the petrous pyramids lie at what angle with the midsagittal plane?

What is the exit point of the CR for the Caldwell Method?

Where is the CR for the Towne Method?

What is the exit point of the CR for the Haas Method?

Where is the CR for the SMV method?

Where is the CR for a lateral projection of the eye?

Where is the CR for a lateral skull?

What is the CR for the lateral dorsal decubitus skull?

What is the CR angulation for a lateral skull?

What is the CR angulation for a lateral dorsal decubitus skull?

What is the CR angulation for the Caldwell Method (Pa axial)?

What is the CR angulation for an AP/AP axial projection of the skull?

What is the CR angulation for the Towne Method?

What is the CR angulation for the Haas Method?

What is the CR angulation for the SMV?

What is seen on a lateral skull?

What is seen on a lateral dorsal decubitus?

What is seen on a Caldwell method (PA axial)?

What is seen on an AP axial projection of the skull?

What is seen on a Towne method(AP axial)?

What is seen on a Haas method (PA axial)?

What is seen on an SMV(Schuller Method)?