front 1 When a hormone is present in excessive levels, the number of target-cell receptors may decrease. This is called? | back 1 Down Regulation |
front 2 These hormones act on neighboring cells without entering the bloodstream? | back 2 Local hormones, Paracrines, and Autocrines |
front 3 These are lipids soluble hormones derived from cholesterol | back 3 Steroids |
front 4 Which of the following is a major eicosanoid? | back 4 Protaglandins, and Leukotrienes |
front 5 What is a major difference in the action of a water soluble hormone versus a lipid soluble hormone? | back 5 The use of a second messenger |
front 6 When one hormone opposing the action of another hormone it is called? | back 6 Antagonistic effects |
front 7 Which of the following is not a way a hormone secretion is regulated? | back 7 Signals from the peripheral nervous system |
front 8 What controls the anterior pituitary gland? | back 8 Actions of the hypothalamic hormones |
front 9 Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates growth | back 9 Human Growth Hormone (hGH) |
front 10 Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates milk production? | back 10 Prolactin |
front 11 Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates Cortisol production? | back 11 Adrenocorticotropic hormone |
front 12 Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones stimulates sex cell production? | back 12 Leutinizing hormone |
front 13 The pars distalis and the pars tuberalis comprise of? | back 13 The anterior pituitary |
front 14 How many hormones do the five types of anterior pituitary cells secrete? | back 14 Seven |
front 15 Which type of anterior pituitary cell secretes human growth hormone? | back 15 Somatotrophs |
front 16 Which hormones does the posterior pituitary produce? | back 16 Oxytocin and Antidiruetic hormones |
front 17 The amount of ADH that is secreted varies with? | back 17 Blood osmotic pressure |
front 18 Which if the following hormones opposes the actions of the parathyroid hormone? | back 18 Calcitonin |
front 19 Which of the following is NOT a means of synthesizing and secreting T3 and T4? | back 19 Hydrolysis of calcium |
front 20 Parathyroid hormone is the major regulator of which ions in the house? | back 20 Calcium |
front 21 Complete loss of the Aldosterone will lead to death due to? | back 21 Dehydration |
front 22 Which of the following is NOT a glucocorticoid effect? | back 22 Increase in blood cell production |
front 23 Which blood glucose lowering hormone is produced by the pancreatic islet cell? | back 23 Insulin |
front 24 Which hormone promotes metabolic rate? | back 24 Thyroid hormone |
front 25 Which hormone is stimulate by decreases in blood glucose? | back 25 Glucagon |
front 26 Which of the below hormones is part of the body's long term response to stress? | back 26 Cortisol, hGH, and Thyroid hormones |
front 27 The responses of the body to long term stress does NOT include which one of the following responses? | back 27 Increased heart rate |
front 28 This is an amine hormone derived from seratonin | back 28 Melatonin |
front 29 Endocrine structures | back 29 Release their secretions directly into body fluids |
front 30 Hormones known as "Catecholamines" are? | back 30 Amino acid derivatives |
front 31 Peptide hormones are? | back 31 Composed of amino acids |
front 32 Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include? | back 32 Peptides, Steroids, Eicosanoids, and amino acid derivatives |
front 33 Gap junctions | back 33 Coordinate ciliary movement among epithelial cells, coordinate the contractions of cardiac muscle cells, and the propagation of action potentials from one cell to the next at electrical synapses. |
front 34 _______ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues | back 34 Hormones |
front 35 Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ______ when released into the bloodstream, but _______ when released at synapses. | back 35 Hormones, and Neurotransmitters |
front 36 The functional organization of the nervous system parallels that of the _______ system in many ways? | back 36 Endocrine |
front 37 Extracellular membrane receptors are used by which of the following types of hormones? | back 37 Catecholamines, Peptide hormones, and Eicosanoids |
front 38 Steroid hormones | back 38 Bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells |
front 39 When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the? | back 39 Second messenger appears in the cytoplasm |
front 40 Hormonal actions on cells include those that affect? | back 40 Quantities of enzymes, Activities of enzymes, Synthesis of enzymes, and gating of ion channels |
front 41 The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually | back 41 a G protein |
front 42 When a G protein becomes activiated and causes an activation of enzymes? | back 42 ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed |
front 43 Which of the following substances acts as a second messenger? | back 43 Cyclic AMP |
front 44 Cells can respond to ______ hormones at a times | back 44 Several |
front 45 An activates G protein can trigger? | back 45 The opening of calcium ion channels in the membrane, The release of calcium ions from intracellular stores, A fall in cAMP levels, and A rise in cAMP levels |
front 46 All target cells? | back 46 Have hormone receptors and respond to chemical signals |
front 47 Calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein | back 47 Calmodulin |
front 48 After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex? | back 48 Gene transcription is initiated |
front 49 The most complex endocrine responses that integrates the nervous and endocrine system | back 49 Hypothalamus |
front 50 Hormone release may be controlled by which of the following factors? | back 50 Blood level of an ion-like potassium, blood level of glucose, blood level of a hormone, and nervous stimuli |
front 51 Regulatory factors that control secretion of anterior pituitary hormones are released by neurons at the _______ of the hypothalamus | back 51 Median eminence |
front 52 Neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture | back 52 ADH and Oxytocin |
front 53 The hypophyseal portal system | back 53 Has 2 capillary plexuses connected by short veins, Carries neurosecreations to the anterior lobe of the pituitary, and carries ADH and Oxytocin |
front 54 The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and a _______ organ? | back 54 Endocrine |
front 55 The hypothalamus controls secretion by the anterior pituitary by | back 55 Secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system |
front 56 Destruction of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which result? | back 56 Loss of ADH secretion |
front 57 Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release | back 57 FSH, TSH, LH, and GH |
front 58 The posterior pituitary gland secretes | back 58 ADH |
front 59 The hormone produced by the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis during early childhood is | back 59 MSH |
front 60 Which of the following is released due to sensory input and thus part of a neuroendocrine reflex? | back 60 Oxytocin |
front 61 The hormone oxytocin | back 61 Promotes uterine contractions, Is responsible for milk expression from the mammary glands, and Rises during sexual arousal |
front 62 Liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing hormones called | back 62 Somatomedins |
front 63 The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is | back 63 TSH |
front 64 The pituitary hormone that controls the release of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex is | back 64 ACTH |
front 65 The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is | back 65 FSH |
front 66 The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is | back 66 LH |
front 67 The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is | back 67 Prolactin |
front 68 The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is | back 68 Growth Hormone |
front 69 The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is | back 69 ADH |
front 70 Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of | back 70 ADH |
front 71 The primary function of ADH is to | back 71 Decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys |
front 72 The two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce how many hormones? | back 72 Nine |
front 73 TSH plays a key role in the _______ of thyroid hormones | back 73 Synthesis and release |
front 74 If the median eminence of the hypothalamus is destroyed, the hypothalamus would no longer be able to control the secretion of which of the following hormones? | back 74 Melanocyte-stimulating hormone |
front 75 The hormone that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is | back 75 Oxytocin |
front 76 Which of the following is NOT and action of TSH | back 76 Inhibits T3 and T4 secretion |
front 77 After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics one of the following hormones. Which one? | back 77 ADH |
front 78 The testes produce | back 78 Testosterone |
front 79 The ovaries secrete ______ when stimulated by FSH | back 79 Estrogen |
front 80 PRL is to ________ as ACTH is to ________. | back 80 Prolactin; and Corticotropin |
front 81 Which of the following organs contain target cells for oxytocin? | back 81 Prostate, Ductus deferens, Mammary glands, and Uterus |
front 82 Which of the following cooperate to prepare the mammary glands for milk secretion? | back 82 Prolactin, Estrogens, Progesterone, and Placental hormones |
front 83 Which of the following is a known effect of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissues? | back 83 Increased oxygen consumption, heart rate, sensitivity to adrenergic stimulation and body temperature |
front 84 Thyroid hormone contains the element | back 84 Iodine |
front 85 The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting the body temperature is ? | back 85 Thyroxine |
front 86 Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the | back 86 Thyroid gland |
front 87 The C cells of the thyroid gland produce | back 87 Calcitonin |
front 88 Where does the chemical reaction between thyroglobulin and iodine take place? | back 88 In the lumen of the thyroid follicle |
front 89 A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is | back 89 Calcitonin |
front 90 Increased levels of the hormone ______ will lead to increased levels of calcium ions in the blood. | back 90 PTH |
front 91 The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is | back 91 Parathyroid hormone |
front 92 The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that | back 92 Increases the level of calcium ions in the blood |
front 93 Parathyroid hormone does all of the following, except that it doent | back 93 Build up bone |
front 94 Before the discovery of these glands, thyroid surgery often led to a rapid drop in blood calcium levels, which triggered muscle contractions and cardiac arrhythmias. What glands are these and which hormone is lacking? | back 94 Parathyroid glands, and parathyroid hormone |
front 95 The zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex produces | back 95 Androgens |
front 96 The zona fasciculate of the adrenal cortex produces | back 96 Glucocorticoids |
front 97 The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex produces | back 97 Mineralocorticoids |
front 98 The adrenal medulla produces | back 98 Epinephrine |
front 99 A hormone that promotes glucose formation in the liver is? | back 99 Cortisol |
front 100 A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is | back 100 Aldosterone |
front 101 A hormone that is synergistic to growth hormone is | back 101 Cortisol |
front 102 Cells of the adrenal cortex produce | back 102 Aldosterone |
front 103 Reduction of fluid losses at the kidneys due to the retention of Na+ is the action of? | back 103 Aldosterone |
front 104 The adrenal medulla produces the hormones? | back 104 Epinephrine and Norepinephrine |
front 105 Which of the following hormones increases and prolongs effects of the sympathetic nervous system? | back 105 Epinephrine |
front 106 Damage to cells of the zona fasciculate of the adrenal cortex would result in? | back 106 Decreased ability to convert amino acids to glucose |
front 107 Shelly has a hormone-secreting tumor of the adrenal gland. The tumor is causing her to have a deep voice, to grow extensive body hair, and to stop menstruating. This tumor probably involves cells of the? | back 107 Zona reticularis |
front 108 The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is? | back 108 Insulin |
front 109 When blood glucose levels fall.... | back 109 Glucagon is released |
front 110 The beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce | back 110 Insulin |
front 111 The F cells of the pancreatic islets produce | back 111 pancreatic polypeptide |
front 112 The exocrine portion of the pancreas produce | back 112 Digestive enzymes |
front 113 The pancreatic islets (Islets of Langerhans) | back 113 Contain four types of endocrine cells |
front 114 The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to enter its target cells is ? | back 114 Insulin |
front 115 The targets for insulin is | back 115 Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle cells. Adipocytes and Liver cells |
front 116 Alpha cells are to ______ as beta cells are to _____ | back 116 Glucagon and Insulin |
front 117 When blood glucose levels rise | back 117 Insulin is released |
front 118 Pinealocytes produce | back 118 Melatonin |
front 119 Melatonin is produced by the | back 119 Pineal gland |
front 120 Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is secreted by the human pars intermedia | back 120 In very young children |
front 121 Inability of the pancreas to produce insulin results in | back 121 Diabetes mellitus |
front 122 The term used to describe excess production of urine is | back 122 Polyuria |
front 123 Which of the following might occur in an overdose of insulin? | back 123 Low blood glucose |
front 124 In persons with untreated diabetes mellitus | back 124 Blood glucose levels are very high, excessive thirst is shown, glucose is present in the urine in large amounts, and a large excretion of urine occurs |
front 125 If a diabetes patient received too much insulin, the low blood sugar could be corrected by injecting? | back 125 Glucagon |
front 126 When hormones interact they can produce any of the following kinds of effects except? | back 126 Bucolic |
front 127 Which of these hormones increases production of red blood cells? | back 127 Erythropoietin |
front 128 Proper growth requires which of these hormones? | back 128 Thyroid hormone, Calcitriol, Insulin, and Growth hormone |
front 129 The kidneys secrete | back 129 Renin, Erythropoietin, and Calcitriol |
front 130 The enzyme renin is responsible for the activation of | back 130 Angiotensin |
front 131 Hormones can operate on the _____ level of organization. | back 131 Cellular, Tissue, Organ, and Organismic |
front 132 In general, the effects of natriuretic peptides are ____ to those of the renin-angiotensin system | back 132 Antagonistic |
front 133 Decreased blood flow to the kidneys would lead to which of the following? | back 133 Increased blood levels of renin, Elevated blood levels of angiotensin, and Increased blood levels of erythropoietin |
front 134 The hormone that dominates during the alarm phase of the general adaption syndrome (GAS) is | back 134 Epinephrine |
front 135 During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) there is | back 135 Mobilization of energy reserves |
front 136 If stress lasts longer than a few hours, an individual will enter the ______ phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) are the? | back 136 Glucocorticoids |
front 137 During the resistance phase of the general adaption syndrome (GAS) | back 137 Lipid reserves are mobilized |
front 138 The exhaustion phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is characterized by | back 138 Decreased resistance to disease and infection |
front 139 If a patient is administered a powerful glucocorticoid (such as prednisone) to suppress the immune system, what unintended effects might that have on blood chemistry? | back 139 Both an increase of insulin and an increase of blood glucose |
front 140 Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause | back 140 Gigantism |
front 141 Too little secretion of cortisol causes | back 141 Addison disease |
front 142 The condition known as goiter can result from too | back 142 Little iodine in the diet |
front 143 Inadequate iodine in the diet may leas to | back 143 Hypothyroidism, Cretinism, Goiter, and High blood levels of TSH |
front 144 Cushing disease results from an excess of | back 144 Glucocorticoids |
front 145 Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hypersecreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates? | back 145 Growth hormone |
front 146 Hormones may circulate freely or be bound to _______ proteins | back 146 Transport |
front 147 The intracellular protein _____ binds calcium ions. This complex can than activate enzymes. | back 147 Calmodulin |
front 148 Receptors for ______, peptides hormones, and eicosanoids are found in the cell membranes of target cells. | back 148 Amino acid derivatives |
front 149 Peripheral cells that respond to a hormone are called? | back 149 Target cells |
front 150 The posterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the ? | back 150 Neurohypophysis |
front 151 The anterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the ? | back 151 Adenohypophysis |
front 152 Hormones that regulate the male and female reproductive organs are collectively called? | back 152 Gonadotropins |
front 153 The two lobes of the thyroid gland are connected by the ? | back 153 Isthmus |
front 154 The thyroid gland is composed of many ______ that produce and store thyroid hormone | back 154 Thyroid follicles |
front 155 Thyroid hormones are structural derivatives of the amino acid? | back 155 Tyrosine |
front 156 The ______ gland sits along the superior border of the kidney? | back 156 Adrenal |
front 157 The outer layer of the adrenal gland is the ? | back 157 Adrenal cortex |
front 158 The inner portion of the adrenal gland is the ? | back 158 Adrenal medulla |
front 159 The adrenal cortex produces steroid hormones called? | back 159 Corticosteroids |
front 160 Two hormones that have opposing effects are called? | back 160 Antagonists |
front 161 Two hormones that have additive effects are called? | back 161 Synergists |
front 162 When one hormone is needed for a second hormone to produce an effect, it is called? | back 162 Permissive |
front 163 Hormones that produce different but complementary results are called? | back 163 Integrative |
front 164 The hormone that dominates the alarm phase of the stress response is | back 164 Epinephrine |
front 165 The consistent pattern of hormonal and physiological responses to stresses of different kinds is called the ? | back 165 General adaptation syndrome (GAS) |