front 1 _____ excretion represents the major route of water loss | back 1 urine |
front 2 A buffer is any mechanism that resists changes in pH by | back 2 converting a strong acid or base to a weak one |
front 3 List the roles of calcium | back 3 participate in muscle contraction participates in bone and tooth development acts as a second messenger and activates exocytosis during neurotransmission acts as a factor for blood clotting |
front 4 Water output is significantly controlled through variations in | back 4 urine volume |
front 5 A person is in a state of fluid ____ when daily gains and losses are equal. | back 5 balance |
front 6 Rank the following routes of normal water loss from largest volume to smallest volume | back 6 urine cutaneous transpiration breath feces sweat |
front 7 The combination of water from food and drink is known as _____ water | back 7 preformed |
front 8 Prolonged, heavy work ____ the respiratory loss to 650 mL/day and perspiration to 5 L/day; at the same time it ____ urine output by nearly two-thirds | back 8 raises; reduces |
front 9 Indicate which of the following statements is correct regarding the abundance of electrolytes in the ECF and ICF | back 9 sodium is more abundant in the ECF and potassium is more abundant in the ICF |
front 10 The two main categories of acid-base imbalances are respiratory and | back 10 metabolic |
front 11 Cellular function requires a fluid medium with a carefully controlled composition. Select the three mechanisms by which the body maintains homeostatic balance | back 11 electrolyte, water, and acid-base balance |
front 12 Indicate which of the following are examples of fluid sequestration | back 12 pleural effusion hemorrhage edema |
front 13 Name the most abundant cation of the intracellular fluid, which is the greatest determinant of intracellular osmolarity and cell volume | back 13 potassium |
front 14 ____ is the principal cation of the ECF; it accounts for 90% to 95% of the osmolarity of the ECF and therefore it is the most significant solute in determining total body water | back 14 sodium |
front 15 The ____ of a solution is determined by its hydrogen ions | back 15 pH |
front 16 The most important buffer system in the blood is the bicarbonate buffer, which is a solution of ____ acid and bicaronate ions | back 16 carbonic |
front 17 Indicate which of the following regulate sodium homeostasis | back 17 aldosterone antidiuretic hormone natriuertic peptides |
front 18 Indicate which of the following are the functions of chloride ions | back 18 important in osmotic balance participate in chloride shift that accompanies CO2 loading and unloading contribute to formation of stomach acid play major role in the regulation of body pH |
front 19 Indicate which of the following statements are true regarding fluid sequestration | back 19 causes of fluid sequestration include edema and hemorrhage it is a condition in which excess fluid accumulates in a particular location |
front 20 The plasma concentration of chloride less than 95 mEq/L is called ______ and it is usually a side effect of hyponatremia | back 20 hypochloremia |
front 21 Name the condition in which plasma sodium concentration is less than 130 mEq/L | back 21 hyponatremia |
front 22 A ____ buffer is a system - namely, the respiratory or urinary system - that stabilizes pH by controlling the body's output of acids, bases, or CO2 | back 22 physiological |
front 23 ____ play a crucial role in governing the body's water distribution and total water content | back 23 electrolytes |
front 24 A deficiency of CO2 is called | back 24 hypocapnia |
front 25 Indicate which of the following are examples of preformed water | back 25 water in a baked potato and steak dinner water in an apple water in a glass of milk |
front 26 List the components of transcellular fluid | back 26 vitreous and aqueous humors of the eye bile; and fluid in the digestive, urinary, and respiratory tracts cerebrospinal, synovial, peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial fluids |
front 27 Indicate four factors that can lead to volume depletion (hypovolemia), in which proportionate amounts of water and sodium are lost | back 27 chronic vomiting hemorrhage profuse sweating diarrhea |
front 28 A blood pH below 7.35 is defined as a state of _____ | back 28 acidosis |
front 29 The _____ can neutralize more acid or base than either the respiratory system or the chemical buffers | back 29 kidneys |
front 30 Prolonged exposure to _____ can dehydrate a person | back 30 heat or cold |
front 31 Indicate which of the following is not an anion electrolyte | back 31 calcium ion |
front 32 Imbalances of water can also cause | back 32 electrolyte and acid-base imbalances |
front 33 Most magnesium is found in intracellular fluid complexed with | back 33 ATP |
front 34 Indicate which of the following are the two types of increase of fluid in the body | back 34 volume excess hypotonic hydration |
front 35 ADH release is inhibited when | back 35 blood osmolarity is too low blood volume and pressure is too high |
front 36 Plasma concentrations of calcium less than 4.5 mEq/L are known as | back 36 hypocalcemia |
front 37 True imbalances in ____ concentration are relatively rare because its excess or depletion is almost always accompanied by proportionate changes in water volume | back 37 sodium |
front 38 Indicate which of the following are fast-acting stimuli that cause a short-term inhibition of thirst | back 38 cooling or moistening the mouth |
front 39 Identify the "salt-retaining hormone" | back 39 Aldosterone |
front 40 List the tree major chemical buffer systems of the body | back 40 bicarbonate phosphate protein |
front 41 The condition called _____ is a dangerously high plasma potassium concentration greater than 5.5 mEq/L | back 41 hyperkalemia |
front 42 Every process that depends on ATP depends on ____ ions | back 42 phosphate |
front 43 Calcium concentration is regulated chiefly by ______ hormone and calcitriol, and in children by calcitonin | back 43 parathyroid |
front 44 In _____ transpiration, water diffuses through the epidermis and evaporates | back 44 cutaneous |
front 45 The primary effects of aldosterone are that the urine contains ____ NaCl and ____ potassium and has a ____ pH | back 45 less; more; lower |