front 1 What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal? | back 1 Net filtration would decrease. |
front 2 The ___ feeds into the glomerulus and the ___ drains the glomerulus | back 2 afferent arteriole; efferent arteriole |
front 3 The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________ | back 3 is drained by an efferent arteriole |
front 4 function of angiotensin | back 4 peptide hormone that causes vasoconstriction and a subsequent increase in blood pressure. It is part of the renin-angiotensin system, which is a major target for drugs that lower blood pressure. |
front 5 Which hormone(s) is/are required for facultative water reabsorption in the collecting ducts? | back 5 ADH |
front 6 The function of angiotensin II is to | back 6 constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure |
front 7 What happens when capsular hydrostatic pressure increases above normal | back 7 Net filtration would decrease. |
front 8 What drains the glomerulus | back 8 What drains the glomerulus |
front 9 The function of angiotensin | back 9 is a peptide hormone that causes vasoconstriction and a subsequent increase in blood pressure. It is part of the renin-angiotensin system, which is a major target for drugs that lower blood pressure. Angiotensin also stimulates the release of aldosterone, another hormone, from the adrenal cortex |
front 10 What hormone is responsible for facultative water reabsorption | back 10 Anti-Diuretic Hormone |
front 11 What do the macula densa cells respond to | back 11 Changes in solute content of the filtrate |
front 12 What are components of the filtration membrane | back 12 Glomerular endothelium |
front 13 What is the salt level monitoring part of the nephron | back 13 Macula densa |
front 14 Essential role of large intestine bacteria | back 14 Synthesize vitamin K and B-complex vitamins |
front 15 Chemical digestion in the small intestine involves which hormone | back 15 Cholecystokinin (CCK), an intestinal hormone responsible |
front 16 To establish the medullary osmotic gradient, the permeability of what is important? | back 16 Loop of Henle |
front 17 What cells produce intrinsic factor | back 17 Parietal cells of the gastric glands in your stomach |
front 18 The 4 layers of the GI canal, in order | back 18 Mucosa |
front 19 The sequence of urine formation to its elimination | back 19 Nephron, collecting duct, minor calyx, major calyx, ureter, urethra |
front 20 What makes up the lamina propria | back 20 Loose connective tissue |
front 21 What triggers the initiation of micturition | back 21 Bladder stretching |
front 22 Is creatinine absorbed by the PCT | back 22 Yes in solute form |
front 23 Why is fatty tissue around the kidneys important | back 23 Stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position |
front 24 Function of the lamina propria | back 24 (more correctly lamina propria mucosæ) is a thin layer of loose connective tissue, or dense irregular connective tissue, which lies beneath the epithelium and together with the epithelium constitutes the mucosa |
front 25 The fluid in Bowman’s capsule is similar to plasma except | back 25 Plasma protein |
front 26 The most direct function of the JG apparatus | back 26 A system that regulates the rate of filtrate formation and systemic blood pressure |
front 27 What vessels make up the splanchnic circulation | back 27 - includes arteries that branch off the abdominal aorta to serve the digestive organs and the hepatic portal circulation |
front 28 Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor to be absorbed | back 28 B-12 |
front 29 Number of permanent teeth | back 29 32 |
front 30 The urinary bladder is composed of what type of epithelium | back 30 Transitional |
front 31 Where are the mechanical and chemical receptors for digestion located | back 31 In the walls of the tract organs |
front 32 Structures associated with the renal corpuscle | back 32 Bowman's capsule and glomerulus |
front 33 What controls most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules | back 33 Hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments |
front 34 What is the function of mesentery | back 34 a fold of tissue that attaches organs to the body wall. The word mesentery usually refers to the small bowel mesentery, which anchors the small intestines to the back of the abdominal wall. Blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics branch through the mesentery to supply the intestine |
front 35 Sequence of kidney development from embryo to fetus | back 35 pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros |
front 36 Solutes contained in saliva | back 36 Electrolytes, digestive enzyme, mucin, lysozyme, wastes, and IgA |
front 37 What is diabetes insipidus | back 37 a rare form of diabetes caused by a deficiency of the pituitary hormone vasopressin, which regulates kidney function ,an uncommon disorder characterized by intense thirst, despite the drinking of fluids (polydipsia), and the excretion of large amounts of urine (polyuria |
front 38 The function of the hepatic portal circulation | back 38 Collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage |
front 39 The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules | back 39 Osmosis instigated by ADH |
front 40 What accomplishes reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate | back 40 Secondary active transport |
front 41 What is tubular reabsorption | back 41 The osmotic process of ADH being released thus reabsorbing water into the system- can be triggered by hypovolemia, trauma-typically from the thirst center in the brain |
front 42 Characteristics of the large intestine | back 42 does not contain villi, exhibits external muscular bands called teniae coli, has haustra |
front 43 Parietal cells produce what | back 43 produce gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) in response to histamine (via H2 receptors), acetylcholine (M3 receptors) and gastrin (gastrin receptors). Parietal cells contain an extensive secretory network (called canaliculi) from which the HCl is secreted by active transport into the stomach |
front 44 What makes up the renal corpuscle | back 44 A glomerulus and a Bowman's capsule |
front 45 What are some GFR control methods | back 45 Neural, Renal, Hormonal methods |
front 46 What hormone aids in digestion of complex carbohydrates | back 46 Gastrin in the stomach – salivary amylase aids in the mouth |
front 47 Functions of hepatocytes | back 47 Many important substances such as blood clotting factors, transporter proteins, cholesterol, and bile components are synthesized by the hepatocytes. The hepatocytes also regulate blood levels of substances such as cholesterol and glucose, the liver helps maintain body homeostasis |
front 48 What is hydrolysis | back 48 Hydrolysis is a reaction involving the breaking of a bond in a molecule using water. |
front 49 What happens to fluid in the descending loop of Henle | back 49 Descending loop of Henle contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla |
front 50 Kidney function in the older adult | back 50 Kidney function decreases due to kidney atrophy |
front 51 Where is the lingual frenulum located | back 51 Beneath the tongue |
front 52 Kidneys develop from what structures | back 52 Urogenital ridges |
front 53 Function of goblet cells | back 53 goblet cell is a glandular, modified simple columnar epithelial cell whose function is to secrete gel-forming mucins, the major components of mucus |
front 54 Paneth cells secrete what | back 54 Defensins - secrete enzymes that kill bacteria |
front 55 What increases the absorptive ability of the small intestine | back 55 Increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining by plicae circulares and intestinal villi |
front 56 What stimulates the kidneys to produce renin | back 56 by a decrease in the blood pressure |
front 57 What does the clearance value of zero for glucose mean | back 57 All glucose has been reabsorbed |
front 58 What is catabolism | back 58 the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy; destructive metabolism |
front 59 Parts of the JG complex | back 59 The juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of three cells: The macula densa a part of the distal convoluted tubule of the same nephron juxtaglomerular cells which secrete renin extra glomerular mesangial cells |
front 60 Chief cells produce what | back 60 are found in the basal regions of the gastric glands and they produce HCl and Pepsin |
front 61 Where is protein digestion initiated | back 61 Duodenum – jejunum (most) |
front 62 What is bile and where is it normally found | back 62 Created in the liver by hepatocytes it is stored in the gall bladder for breakdown of fats |
front 63 Eating a meal high in fat causes the gallbladder to do what | back 63 Secrete bile into the digestive tract |
front 64 If the liver is damaged, digestion of what is most affected | back 64 Lipids or fats |
front 65 Where are iron and calcium mainly absorbed | back 65 Small intestine – duodenum specifically |
front 66 What stomach secretion is needed for production of hemoglobin | back 66 Intrinsic factor |
front 67 How are most nutrients absorbed through the mucosa of intestinal villi | back 67 Active transport |
front 68 What enzymes splits short chain triglycerides | back 68 lipase |
front 69 What provides nervous control of gastric secretions | back 69 The vagus nerve and enteric plexus |
front 70 How does the specific gravity of urine compare to water | back 70 A urine specific gravity test compares the density of urine to the density of water. This quick test can help determine how efficiently your kidneys are diluting your urine. Urine that’s too concentrated may indicate that your kidneys aren’t functioning properly, or simply that you aren’t drinking enough water |
front 71 Which immunoglobulin prevents pathogens in the large intestine from going beyond the mucosa | back 71 IgA |
front 72 Important items for reabsorption of a substance in the nephron | back 72 In the Distal Convoluted Tubule between regulating hormones and the bodys needs at the time reabsorption is dependent |
front 73 What cells in the kidney respond to changes in solute content | back 73 Macula densa cells |
front 74 Functions of the nephron loop | back 74 U-shaped portion of the tubule that conducts urine within each nephron of the kidney. The principal function of the loop of Henle appears to be the recovery of water and sodium chloride from the urine |
front 75 Increase in permeability of cells in the collecting tubule is due to increase in what hormone | back 75 Increase in the production of ADH |
front 76 Are the ureters capable of peristalsis | back 76 yes |
front 77 What artery lies between the cortex and medulla | back 77 Arcuate |
front 78 The outermost layer of the small intestine | back 78 Serosa |
front 79 Where is chyme created | back 79 Stomach and small intestine |
front 80 What factor favors filtrate formation at the glomerulus | back 80 Glomerular hydrostatic pressure |
front 81 Functions of the urinary system | back 81 Their function is to remove liquid waste from the blood in the form of urine; keep a stable balance of salts and other substances in the blood; and produce erythropoietin, a hormone that aids the formation of red blood cells. The kidneys remove urea from the blood through tiny filtering units called nephrons |
front 82 How does alcohol act as a diuretic | back 82 Inhibits the release of ADH |
front 83 What is the function of enamel on the teeth | back 83 Tooth enamel covers each of your teeth and protects them from damage |
front 84 An enzyme specific for proteins | back 84 Trypsin |
front 85 The cephalic phase in gastric digestion occurs when | back 85 You think of food |
front 86 Most important hormones in regulating electrolyte reabsorption and secretion | back 86 Angiotensin II and aldosterone |
front 87 Components of saliva | back 87 watery substance located in the mouths of animals, secreted by the salivary glands. Human saliva is 99.5% water, while the other 0.5% consists of electrolytes, mucus, glycoproteins, enzymes, antibacterial, and bacteria compounds such as secretory IgA and lysozyme |
front 88 What is chemical digestion | back 88 Chemical digestion involves breaking down the food into simpler nutrients that can be used by the cells |
front 89 What type of epithelium is found in the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule | back 89 Simple squamous epithelium |
front 90 Hormones which inhibit gastric secretion | back 90 Gastrin inhibiting hormone |
front 91 What are peristaltic waves | back 91 Waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another |
front 92 What does the submucosal layer of the digestive tube contain | back 92 Areolar connective tissue with lymphatic tissue |
front 93 What is glomerular hydrostatic pressure | back 93 blood hydrostatic pressure (GBHP) - This is the chief force. It is the pressure of blood in the glomerular capillaries, i.e., 75mmHg |
front 94 What papillae contain taste buds | back 94 Circumvallate and fungiform |
front 95 The functional and structural unit of the kidneys | back 95 Nephron |
front 96 Be able to explain a gastric ulcer | back 96 The danger posed by ulcers is perforation of the stomach wall followed by peritonitis and massive hemorrhage - Factors such as smoking and alcohol increase hypersecretion of hydrochloric acid and low secretion of mucus. |
front 97 What is cystitis, be able to explain | back 97 The medical term for inflammation of the bladder. Most of the time, the inflammation is caused by a bacterial infection, and it's called a urinary tract infection (UTI). A bladder infection can be painful and annoying, and it can become a serious health problem if the infection spreads to your kidneys |