What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal?
Net filtration would decrease.
The ___ feeds into the glomerulus and the ___ drains the glomerulus
afferent arteriole; efferent arteriole
The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________
is drained by an efferent arteriole
function of angiotensin
peptide hormone that causes vasoconstriction and a subsequent increase in blood pressure. It is part of the renin-angiotensin system, which is a major target for drugs that lower blood pressure.
Which hormone(s) is/are required for facultative water reabsorption in the collecting ducts?
ADH
The function of angiotensin II is to
constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure
What happens when capsular hydrostatic pressure increases above normal
Net filtration would decrease.
What drains the glomerulus
What drains the glomerulus
The function of angiotensin
is a peptide hormone that causes vasoconstriction and a subsequent increase in blood pressure. It is part of the renin-angiotensin system, which is a major target for drugs that lower blood pressure. Angiotensin also stimulates the release of aldosterone, another hormone, from the adrenal cortex
What hormone is responsible for facultative water reabsorption
Anti-Diuretic Hormone
What do the macula densa cells respond to
Changes in solute content of the filtrate
What are components of the filtration membrane
Glomerular endothelium
podocytes
basement membrane
What is the salt level monitoring part of the nephron
Macula densa
Essential role of large intestine bacteria
Synthesize vitamin K and B-complex vitamins
Chemical digestion in the small intestine involves which hormone
Cholecystokinin (CCK), an intestinal hormone responsible
To establish the medullary osmotic gradient, the permeability of what is important?
Loop of Henle
What cells produce intrinsic factor
Parietal cells of the gastric glands in your stomach
The 4 layers of the GI canal, in order
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis Externa
Serosa
(visceral peritoneum)
The sequence of urine formation to its elimination
Nephron, collecting duct, minor calyx, major calyx, ureter, urethra
What makes up the lamina propria
Loose connective tissue
What triggers the initiation of micturition
Bladder stretching
Is creatinine absorbed by the PCT
Yes in solute form
Why is fatty tissue around the kidneys important
Stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position
Function of the lamina propria
(more correctly lamina propria mucosæ) is a thin layer of loose connective tissue, or dense irregular connective tissue, which lies beneath the epithelium and together with the epithelium constitutes the mucosa
The fluid in Bowman’s capsule is similar to plasma except
Plasma protein
The most direct function of the JG apparatus
A system that regulates the rate of filtrate formation and systemic blood pressure
What vessels make up the splanchnic circulation
- includes arteries that branch off the abdominal aorta to serve the digestive organs and the hepatic portal circulation
Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor to be absorbed
B-12
Number of permanent teeth
32
The urinary bladder is composed of what type of epithelium
Transitional
Where are the mechanical and chemical receptors for digestion located
In the walls of the tract organs
Structures associated with the renal corpuscle
Bowman's capsule and glomerulus
What controls most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules
Hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments
What is the function of mesentery
a fold of tissue that attaches organs to the body wall. The word mesentery usually refers to the small bowel mesentery, which anchors the small intestines to the back of the abdominal wall. Blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics branch through the mesentery to supply the intestine
Sequence of kidney development from embryo to fetus
pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros
Solutes contained in saliva
Electrolytes, digestive enzyme, mucin, lysozyme, wastes, and IgA
What is diabetes insipidus
a rare form of diabetes caused by a deficiency of the pituitary hormone vasopressin, which regulates kidney function ,an uncommon disorder characterized by intense thirst, despite the drinking of fluids (polydipsia), and the excretion of large amounts of urine (polyuria
The function of the hepatic portal circulation
Collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage
The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules
Osmosis instigated by ADH
What accomplishes reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate
Secondary active transport
What is tubular reabsorption
The osmotic process of ADH being released thus reabsorbing water into the system- can be triggered by hypovolemia, trauma-typically from the thirst center in the brain
Characteristics of the large intestine
does not contain villi, exhibits external muscular bands called teniae coli, has haustra
Parietal cells produce what
produce gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) in response to histamine (via H2 receptors), acetylcholine (M3 receptors) and gastrin (gastrin receptors). Parietal cells contain an extensive secretory network (called canaliculi) from which the HCl is secreted by active transport into the stomach
What makes up the renal corpuscle
A glomerulus and a Bowman's capsule
What are some GFR control methods
Neural, Renal, Hormonal methods
What hormone aids in digestion of complex carbohydrates
Gastrin in the stomach – salivary amylase aids in the mouth
Functions of hepatocytes
Many important substances such as blood clotting factors, transporter proteins, cholesterol, and bile components are synthesized by the hepatocytes. The hepatocytes also regulate blood levels of substances such as cholesterol and glucose, the liver helps maintain body homeostasis
What is hydrolysis
Hydrolysis is a reaction involving the breaking of a bond in a molecule using water.
What happens to fluid in the descending loop of Henle
Descending loop of Henle contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla
Kidney function in the older adult
Kidney function decreases due to kidney atrophy
Where is the lingual frenulum located
Beneath the tongue
Kidneys develop from what structures
Urogenital ridges
Function of goblet cells
goblet cell is a glandular, modified simple columnar epithelial cell whose function is to secrete gel-forming mucins, the major components of mucus
Paneth cells secrete what
Defensins - secrete enzymes that kill bacteria
What increases the absorptive ability of the small intestine
Increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining by plicae circulares and intestinal villi
What stimulates the kidneys to produce renin
by a decrease in the blood pressure
What does the clearance value of zero for glucose mean
All glucose has been reabsorbed
What is catabolism
the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy; destructive metabolism
Parts of the JG complex
The juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of three cells:
The macula densa a part of the distal convoluted tubule of the same nephron
juxtaglomerular cells which secrete renin
extra glomerular mesangial cells
Chief cells produce what
are found in the basal regions of the gastric glands and they produce HCl and Pepsin
Where is protein digestion initiated
Duodenum – jejunum (most)
What is bile and where is it normally found
Created in the liver by hepatocytes it is stored in the gall bladder for breakdown of fats
Eating a meal high in fat causes the gallbladder to do what
Secrete bile into the digestive tract
If the liver is damaged, digestion of what is most affected
Lipids or fats
Where are iron and calcium mainly absorbed
Small intestine – duodenum specifically
What stomach secretion is needed for production of hemoglobin
Intrinsic factor
How are most nutrients absorbed through the mucosa of intestinal villi
Active transport
What enzymes splits short chain triglycerides
lipase
What provides nervous control of gastric secretions
The vagus nerve and enteric plexus
How does the specific gravity of urine compare to water
A urine specific gravity test compares the density of urine to the density of water. This quick test can help determine how efficiently your kidneys are diluting your urine. Urine that’s too concentrated may indicate that your kidneys aren’t functioning properly, or simply that you aren’t drinking enough water
Which immunoglobulin prevents pathogens in the large intestine from going beyond the mucosa
IgA
Important items for reabsorption of a substance in the nephron
In the Distal Convoluted Tubule between regulating hormones and the bodys needs at the time reabsorption is dependent
What cells in the kidney respond to changes in solute content
Macula densa cells
Functions of the nephron loop
U-shaped portion of the tubule that conducts urine within each nephron of the kidney. The principal function of the loop of Henle appears to be the recovery of water and sodium chloride from the urine
Increase in permeability of cells in the collecting tubule is due to increase in what hormone
Increase in the production of ADH
Are the ureters capable of peristalsis
yes
What artery lies between the cortex and medulla
Arcuate
The outermost layer of the small intestine
Serosa
Where is chyme created
Stomach and small intestine
What factor favors filtrate formation at the glomerulus
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure
Functions of the urinary system
Their function is to remove liquid waste from the blood in the form of urine; keep a stable balance of salts and other substances in the blood; and produce erythropoietin, a hormone that aids the formation of red blood cells. The kidneys remove urea from the blood through tiny filtering units called nephrons
How does alcohol act as a diuretic
Inhibits the release of ADH
What is the function of enamel on the teeth
Tooth enamel covers each of your teeth and protects them from damage
An enzyme specific for proteins
Trypsin
The cephalic phase in gastric digestion occurs when
You think of food
Most important hormones in regulating electrolyte reabsorption and secretion
Angiotensin II and aldosterone
Components of saliva
watery substance located in the mouths of animals, secreted by the salivary glands. Human saliva is 99.5% water, while the other 0.5% consists of electrolytes, mucus, glycoproteins, enzymes, antibacterial, and bacteria compounds such as secretory IgA and lysozyme
What is chemical digestion
Chemical digestion involves breaking down the food into simpler nutrients that can be used by the cells
What type of epithelium is found in the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule
Simple squamous epithelium
Hormones which inhibit gastric secretion
Gastrin inhibiting hormone
What are peristaltic waves
Waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another
What does the submucosal layer of the digestive tube contain
Areolar connective tissue with lymphatic tissue
What is glomerular hydrostatic pressure
blood hydrostatic pressure (GBHP) - This is the chief force. It is the pressure of blood in the glomerular capillaries, i.e., 75mmHg
What papillae contain taste buds
Circumvallate and fungiform
The functional and structural unit of the kidneys
Nephron
Be able to explain a gastric ulcer
The danger posed by ulcers is perforation of the stomach wall followed by peritonitis and massive hemorrhage - Factors such as smoking and alcohol increase hypersecretion of hydrochloric acid and low secretion of mucus.
What is cystitis, be able to explain
The medical term for inflammation of the bladder. Most of the time, the inflammation is caused by a bacterial infection, and it's called a urinary tract infection (UTI). A bladder infection can be painful and annoying, and it can become a serious health problem if the infection spreads to your kidneys