front 1 Where does the diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood occur? | back 1 respiratory division |
front 2 The ____ division includes all of the passageways through which air flows from the nose to the terminal branches | back 2 conducting division |
front 3 The trachea, primary bronchi, and the alveolar sacs all belong to the | back 3 lower respiratory tract |
front 4 Identify the two terms that describe the anterior openings of the nasal cavity | back 4 nostrils. nares |
front 5 The nasal _____ separates the nasal cavity into left and right halves | back 5 septum |
front 6 Identify three ways in which air is modified as it passes through the meatus in between two conchae | back 6 it is humidified, cleansed, and warmed |
front 7 The ___ of the nasal cavity contains the sensory receptors for smell | back 7 olfactory epithelium |
front 8 The most superior portion of the pharynx, posterior to the nasal cavity, extending to the soft palate is the | back 8 nasopharynx |
front 9 The separation between the path of air to the lungs and the passageway for food to the esophagus occurs within the | back 9 laryngopharynx |
front 10 Besides keeping food out of the airway, the larynx is also responsible for generating | back 10 voice |
front 11 The _____ is an elastic cartilage structure, which functions to seal off the glottis during swallowing as the tongue pushes it downward toward the larynx | back 11 epiglottis |
front 12 The larynx is located | back 12 between the layngopharynx and the trachea |
front 13 The base of the long is located on its | back 13 inferior |
front 14 The apex represents the ____ portion of the lung | back 14 superior |
front 15 The right lung has ___ lobes and ___ fissures | back 15 3; 2 |
front 16 The human left lung has ____ lobes with ____ fissures between the lobes | back 16 2; 1 |
front 17 How many primary bronchi serve the right lung? | back 17 one |
front 18 Secondary bronchi channel the flow of air amongst the | back 18 lobes of the lung |
front 19 ___ bronchi supply air to a single bronchopulmonary segment of the lung | back 19 tertiary |
front 20 Most of the surface area for gas exchange within the respiratory system is found within the _____ of the lungs | back 20 alveoli |
front 21 Identify the components of a respiratory membrane | back 21 type 1 (squamos) alveolar cell endothelial cell of capillary shared basement membrane |
front 22 The _____ is a double-walled serous membrane that encloses each lung | back 22 pleura |
front 23 The ____ ____ is the potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura | back 23 pleural cavity |
front 24 ____ fluid fills the pleural cavity around the lungs | back 24 pleural |
front 25 Contraction of the diaphragm leads to | back 25 inspiration |
front 26 Decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity will result in | back 26 expiration |
front 27 Describe the respiratory cycle | back 27 one complete inspiration and expiration |
front 28 A person expelling air while yelling is performing ____ beathing | back 28 forced |
front 29 Inspiration occurs when the thoracic cage is enlarged due to | back 29 the diaphragm contracting |
front 30 Identify the two locations that contain respiratory control centers | back 30 medulla oblongata pons |
front 31 Central chemoreceptors in the brain stem that are involved in respiratory control respond directly to changes in | back 31 pH |
front 32 Chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are called ___ chemorepeptors | back 32 peripheral |
front 33 True or false: the respiratory control centers of the brainstem are involved in voluntary respiration | back 33 false |
front 34 The inferior portion of the pharynx which extends from the epiglottis to the esophagus is the | back 34 laryngopharynx |
front 35 The right lung has how many secondary bronchi | back 35 3 |
front 36 Gas exchange between the air and the blood occurs in the | back 36 alveoli |
front 37 What is the respiratory membrane? | back 37 membrane through which gases are exchanged in the alveolus |
front 38 The double-walled serous membrane that encloses each lung is called the | back 38 pleura |
front 39 When the diaphragm relaxes, air is forced from the lungs. This is known as | back 39 expiration |
front 40 Identify the two principal muscles or muscle groups responsible for resting (non-forced) inspiration | back 40 diaphragm and intercostals |
front 41 Identify the origin of voluntary stimuli for respiration | back 41 primary motor cortex |
front 42 Place the following airways in order from the trachea to alveoli | back 42 primary bronchus secondary bronchus tertiary bronchus terminal bronchiole respiratory bronchiole alveolar duct |
front 43 Chronic ____ is characterized by a reduciton in the number of cilia lining the airway and increased mucus production | back 43 bronchitis |
front 44 The ____ are responsible for generating sounds within the larynx | back 44 vocal cords and vocal folds |
front 45 Identify the factors that contribute airflow to resistance | back 45 diameter of the bronchioles and lung compliance |
front 46 Inhalation of cigarette smoke often leads to ____ which is characterized by a loss of alveolar surface area | back 46 emphysema |
front 47 Alveolar gas exchange describes the exchange of gases across the | back 47 respiratory membrane of alveoli |
front 48 Pulmonary ____ describes the EASE at which the lungs expand during breathing | back 48 compliance |
front 49 _____ refers to a shift in the pH of blood above 7.45 | back 49 alkalosis |
front 50 Identify features associated with the epithelium of the trachea | back 50 goblet cells mucous cilia pseudostratified columnar cells |
front 51 The structure that conducts air from the larynx to the primary bronchi is called the | back 51 trachea |
front 52 A bluish color of the skin and mucous membrnes due to ischemia or hypoxemia is called ____ | back 52 cyanosis |
front 53 The volume of air remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation is the ___ volume | back 53 residual |
front 54 The enzyme found in erythrocytes that catalyze the formation of carbonic acid, which then dissociates into bicarbonate and hyrdogen ions, is | back 54 carbonic anhydrase |
front 55 The exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) that occurs in the capillary networks between the blood and the body's cells is called | back 55 systemic gas exchange |
front 56 Which of these is true of pleural fluid? | back 56 reduces friction during breathing slippery film in the pleural cavity |
front 57 ____ is a general term for a drop in the pH of blood below 7.35 | back 57 acidosis |
front 58 ____ refers to the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during one cycle of quiet breathing | back 58 tidal volume |
front 59 Insufficient oxygen reaching a tissue is called ______ | back 59 hypoxia |
front 60 The majority of carbon dioxide is transported through the blood in the form of | back 60 bicarbonate |
front 61 Identify the four predominant components of inspired air | back 61 nitrogen, water vapor, carbon dioxide, and oxygen |
front 62 In the hemoglobin molecule, oxygen binds to | back 62 the heme group |
front 63 The conducting zones of the respiratory system are referred to as the ____ because they are incapable of respiration | back 63 anatomical dead space |
front 64 The lumen of the trachea is lined with epithelial cells that have _____, structures that move the abundant mucus upward toward the pharynx | back 64 cilia |
front 65 Identify three of the structures that enter the lung at the hilum | back 65 nerves, lymphatic vessels, and blood vessels |
front 66 Identify the role of the dorsal respiratory group | back 66 adjusts respiratory rate based on stimuli from peripheral chemoreceptors |
front 67 Identify the forms in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood | back 67 dissolved gas, bicarbonate ion, and carbaminohemoglobin |
front 68 Identify the conditions that would make oxygen toxic to the body | back 68 100% oxygen at 3.0 ATM for 1 hour |
front 69 The ____ respiratory group sets the basal respiratory rate which may then be adjusted by commands from the pontine and/or dorsal respiratory groups | back 69 ventral |
front 70 The dense support-material that can be palpated at the tip of your nose is composed of | back 70 cartilage |
front 71 The chloride shift occurs during carbon dioxide loading and is accomplished when | back 71 chloride ions are transported into the RBC bicarbonate ions are transported out of the RBC |
front 72 The auditory tube (eustachian tube) and pharyngeal tonsil are associated with which portion of the pharynx | back 72 nasopharynx |
front 73 The ____ includes all of the regions of the airway incapable of gas exchange, including both conducting and respiratory zones | back 73 physiological dead space |
front 74 The _____ pressure refers to the slight vacuum that exists in between the visceral and parietal pleural membranes | back 74 intrapleural |
front 75 Identify the principle synergistic muscles of resting respiration | back 75 the internal and external intercostals |
front 76 When hemoglobin transports carbon dioxide it is called | back 76 carbaminohemoglobin |