front 1 Identify which of the following are functions of the circulatory system. | back 1 Buffers acids and bases Limits the spread of infection Transports nutrients and gases |
front 2 Lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, and monocytes are all examples of | back 2 leukocytes |
front 3 Blood is a fluid connective tissue. Its fluid matrix is called | back 3 plasma |
front 4 Hematology is the study of | back 4 blood |
front 5 The formed elements of blood are platelets, erythrocytes, and five type of leukocytes, which include eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and | back 5 lymphocytes |
front 6 The cardiovascular (not circulatory) system includes the | back 6 heart and blood vessels |
front 7 List in order the events of a platelet plug formation. | back 7 Contact with collagen of a broken vessel or another rough surface Platelets grow long spiny pseudopods Platelets stick to each other The pseudopods then contract and draw the vessel walls together This mass of platelets forms a platelet plug |
front 8 Describe normal erythrocytes | back 8 Discoidal cells with a bioconclave shape and contain hemoglobin to transport gases like oxygen |
front 9 When a person receives a transfusion from a compatible blood type: | back 9 no change in the person's blood type occurs |
front 10 The main components of blood are a fluid portion called ____ and formed elements that include erythrocytes, leukocytes, and _____ | back 10 plasma, platelets |
front 11 Name the specific protein in the cytoplasm of red blood cells that transports gases in the blood | back 11 hemoglobin |
front 12 Define hemopoiesis | back 12 The process of formation of all the blood formed elements |
front 13 List the leukocytes from most abundant to least abundant | back 13 Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils |
front 14 The bioconcave blood cells that lack a nucleus and other organelles are called | back 14 erythrocytes |
front 15 Basophils release _____ and ______ | back 15 heparin and histamine |
front 16 _____ is the process of development of white blood cells | back 16 leukopoiesis |
front 17 List the ways that the body uses iron | back 17 Nearly all cells use Fe2+ to make electron-transport molecules (cytochromes) in their mitochondria The muscles use Fe2+ to make the myoglobin The bone marrow uses Fe2+ for hemoglobin synthesis |
front 18 List the correct order for the steps of hemostasis | back 18 1) vascular spasm 2) platelet plug formation 3) blood coagulation |
front 19 Iron is critical for the synthesis of _____, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells | back 19 hemoglobin |
front 20 The three components of the circulatory system are the blood vessels, the blood, and the | back 20 heart |
front 21 The transport function of plasma includes the transport of | back 21 nutrients from the digestive system |
front 22 Identify the characteristics of neutrophils | back 22 They are the most abundant leukocyte They have nuclei of various shapes |
front 23 The buffy coat is about 1% of the blood volume and it is composed of | back 23 leukocytes and platelets |
front 24 Leukocytes called _____ function to destroy large parasites | back 24 eosinophils |
front 25 Name three mechanisms that prevent inappropriate clotting | back 25 dilution of clotting factors platelet repulsion caused by postacyclin presence of anticoagulants such as heparin and antithrombin |
front 26 The ____ are the least common of the formed elements of the blood | back 26 leukocytes |
front 27 Which of the following cause hemolytic anemia? | back 27 penicillin allergy sickle cell disease, thalassemia, malaria blood type incompatibilities snake and spider venom |
front 28 Organize the sequence of events that lead to the disposal of the heme during RBC recycling | back 28 1) macrophages remove the iron 2) macrophages convert the heme into biliverdin 3) a yellow-green pigment called bilirubin is formed |
front 29 Cell fragments produced from megakaryocytes are called ____ | back 29 platelets |
front 30 State the purpose of a differential WBC count | back 30 Determine the number and ratio of various leukocytes in a sample |
front 31 List some causes of anemia | back 31 increased hemolysis, hemorrhage, and inadequate hemoglobin synthesis |
front 32 A generalized condition in which there is too little hemoglobin or too few erythrocytes is | back 32 anemia |
front 33 A blood clot consists of a meshwork formed of the protein called | back 33 fibrin |
front 34 List the agranulocytes | back 34 monocytes and lymphocytes |
front 35 Describe how various plasma components are continuously replaced in the body | back 35 water, nutrients, and electrolytes are obtained through absorption in the digestive tract gamma globulins come from plasma cells most proteins are produced by the liver |
front 36 Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein. List its functions | back 36 pH buffering of plasma, solute transport, and maintenance of osmolarity |
front 37 _____ is the process of platelet formation | back 37 thrombopoiesis |
front 38 Place in the order the steps in iron metabolism from the moment it is absorbed from the intestine until it is distributed to be used in the body | back 38 1) Absorbed Fe2+ binds to transferrin in plasma 2) Some transferrin releases Fe2+ for storage in the liver 3) Fe2+ binds apoferritni to be stored as ferritin 4) Remaining transferrin goes to other organs where Fe2+ is used |
front 39 Which describes leukemia? | back 39 A form of cancer that results in very high numbers of leukocytes and their precursors in he blood |
front 40 List some causes of leukocytosis | back 40 infection, dehydration, and allergy |
front 41 Match the precursos cell with the cells that arise from each | back 41 monoblast and monocyte myeloblast and granulocyte lymphoblast and lymphocyte |
front 42 Define viscosity | back 42 resistance to flow due to the cohesion of its particles |
front 43 The largest type of leukocyte (based on size) found circulating in the blood is the | back 43 monocyte |
front 44 Thrombosis is more likely to occur in veins than in arteries because | back 44 blood flows more slowly and does not dilute thrombin and fibrin as rapidly |
front 45 Name three clinical measurements that express the blood's ability to carry oxygen | back 45 hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and RBC count |
front 46 In addition to water, the plasma consists of | back 46 ablumins, globulins, and fibrinogen electrolytes, nutrients, and organic wastes |
front 47 Leukocytes called _____ have a two-lobed nucleus and rosy to orange-colored granules when stained | back 47 eosinophils |
front 48 Place in order the steps in iron metabolism from the moment of iron intake until it is absorbed from the digestive tract | back 48 1) a mixture of Fe2+ and Fe3+ is ingested 2) the stomach acid converts Fe3+ and Fe2+ 3) Fe2+ binds to gastroferrin 4) Gastroferrin carries Fe2+ to intestine for absoprtion |
front 49 Antigens on the surface of the erythrocyte membranes determine | back 49 blood type |
front 50 A person with blood type B was accidentally given a transfusion of blood type A. List the consequences of this transfusion reaction. | back 50 hemolysis of RBCs occurs and hemoglobin is released over the next few hours to days agglutinated RBCs block small blood vessels |
front 51 Name the site of plasma proteins production | back 51 liver |
front 52 _____ is the condition in which the platelet count is less than 100,000 | back 52 thrombocytopenia |
front 53 The process by which clots become more compact is called clot | back 53 retraction |
front 54 Hemostasis typically involved ____ mechanisms of coagulation | back 54 both extrinsic and intrinsic |
front 55 Indicate which of the following are the correct values of some characteristics of blood | back 55 total WBC count: 5,000-10,000 pH: 7.35-7.45 osomlarity: 280-296 volume in females: 4-5 L; volume in males: 5-6 L |
front 56 The interaction of protein factors to produce a clot is called | back 56 coagulation |
front 57 List, in order, the stages of erythropoiesis from least differentiated to most differentiated | back 57 hemopoiectic stem cell colony-forming unit eryhtroblast reticulocyte erythrocyte |
front 58 Define hemostasis | back 58 physiological process that controls excessive bleeding |
front 59 List two features of reticulocytes that differ from a mature red blood cell | back 59 reticulocytes have polyribosomes; RBCs do not RBCs are more numerous; only 0.5-1.5% of circulating blood cells are reticulocytes |
front 60 Identify the test that provides information about RBC, WBC, and platelet count | back 60 CBC |
front 61 _____ is the rupture of red blood cells | back 61 hemolysis |
front 62 People with blood type O are considered universal | back 62 donors |
front 63 Myeloid hemopoiesis occurs in the ____, while lymphoid hemopoiesis occurs in _____ | back 63 bone marrow; lymphatic organs |
front 64 List some functions of proteins in plasma | back 64 transport of iron, copper, lipids, hydrophobic hormones body defense clotting |
front 65 The ABO blood type _____ is sometimes called the universal recipient | back 65 AB |
front 66 Place in order the main steps of development of white blood cells or leukopoiesis | back 66 hemopoietic stem cells (HSE) colony forming units (CFU) precursor cells (myeloblasts, monoblasts, lymphoblasts) mature cells |
front 67 Define eryhtopoiesis | back 67 production of RBCs |
front 68 A blood cell called a ____ is the granulocyte whose granules contain heparin and histamine | back 68 basophil |
front 69 Describe he role of erythopoietin | back 69 stimulates red blood cell production |
front 70 Describe lymphocytes | back 70 a small cell with a large round nucleus |
front 71 An excess of red blood cells is called | back 71 polycythemia |
front 72 Name the most common ion found in the blood | back 72 sodium |
front 73 Identify which of the following are functions of lymphocytes | back 73 Coordinate actions of other immune cells "present" antigens to activate other cells of immune system serve in immune memory destroy cancer cells , cells infected with viruses, and foreign cells |
front 74 The percentage of the blood's volume composed of erythrocytes is called the | back 74 hematocrit |
front 75 List, in order, the events that occur during fibrinolysis | back 75 1) prekallikrein is converted to kallikrein 2) kallikrein catalyzes the formation of plasmin 3) plasmin dissolves the blood clot |
front 76 When collagen in the wall of a blood vessel is exposed as a result of injury, _____ adhere and develop long, spiny pseudopods which draw the vessel walls back together | back 76 platelets |
front 77 A blood clot that forms in an undamaged vessel is called a ______. If it breaks loose and travels through the bloodstream it is called a ______ | back 77 thrombus, embolus |
front 78 ____ anemia is more common in women because of blood loss during menses | back 78 hemorrhagic |
front 79 Name the result of coagulation | back 79 conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin |
front 80 List functions of macrophages | back 80 phagocytize dead cells, destroy foreign antigens, and present antigens |
front 81 High levels of bilirubin in the blood lead to a condition called | back 81 jaundice |
front 82 A ____ is a mass of clotted blood in the tissues | back 82 hematoma |
front 83 Describe the function of an antibody | back 83 to bind to an antigen and mark it for destruction |
front 84 Name the erythrocyte-bound antigens used to determine the most common type of blood typing | back 84 A,B |
front 85 Describe erythrocytes | back 85 they lack internal organelles and perform anaerobic fermentation |
front 86 Two alpha and two beta protein chains form ____ hemoglobin | back 86 adult |
front 87 The clinical values for the RBC and hemoglobin content of the blood differ significantly between women and men. List three factors that explain the difference | back 87 men have less body fat women sustain menstrual losses androgens stimulate RBC production |
front 88 Bone marrow transplants are a treatment options for several conditions such as leukemia. Indicate which of the following statements are true | back 88 it is difficult to find compatible donors up to one-third of patients die from complications a graft-versus-host response may occur |
front 89 Resulting in different blood types, red blood cells have specific antigens on their surfaces called | back 89 agglutinogens |
front 90 The enzyme _____ converts fibrinogen into fibrin | back 90 thrombin |
front 91 A ____ is a giant precursor cell with a multilobed nucleus which fragments to form platelets | back 91 megakaryocyte |
front 92 Toxic end products of catabolism include _____ such as urea, which is a product of amino acid catabolism | back 92 nitrogenous wastes |
front 93 Name the function of hemopoietic tissue | back 93 they produce the formed elements of blood |
front 94 A clot is formed by a mesh framework of the protein called | back 94 fibrin |
front 95 _____ leukemia is typified by uncontrolled production of agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes) and agranulocyte precursors | back 95 lymphoid |
front 96 Name the formed element of blood that transports both oxygen and carbon dioxide | back 96 erythrocytes |
front 97 List some risks associated with polycythemia | back 97 increased blood viscosity, increased blood volume, and high blood pressure |
front 98 List possible causes of hypoplastic or aplastic anemia | back 98 drugs and posions, viruses, radiation, and autoimmune disease |
front 99 Monocytes that migrate into the tissues become phagocytes called | back 99 macrophages |
front 100 Name the first response to a blood vessel injury | back 100 vascular spasm |