Identify which of the following are functions of the circulatory system.
Buffers acids and bases
Limits the spread of infection
Transports nutrients and gases
Lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, and monocytes are all examples of
leukocytes
Blood is a fluid connective tissue. Its fluid matrix is called
plasma
Hematology is the study of
blood
The formed elements of blood are platelets, erythrocytes, and five type of leukocytes, which include eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and
lymphocytes
The cardiovascular (not circulatory) system includes the
heart and blood vessels
List in order the events of a platelet plug formation.
Contact with collagen of a broken vessel or another rough surface
Platelets grow long spiny pseudopods
Platelets stick to each other
The pseudopods then contract and draw the vessel walls together
This mass of platelets forms a platelet plug
Describe normal erythrocytes
Discoidal cells with a bioconclave shape and contain hemoglobin to transport gases like oxygen
When a person receives a transfusion from a compatible blood type:
no change in the person's blood type occurs
The main components of blood are a fluid portion called ____ and formed elements that include erythrocytes, leukocytes, and _____
plasma, platelets
Name the specific protein in the cytoplasm of red blood cells that transports gases in the blood
hemoglobin
Define hemopoiesis
The process of formation of all the blood formed elements
List the leukocytes from most abundant to least abundant
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
The bioconcave blood cells that lack a nucleus and other organelles are called
erythrocytes
Basophils release _____ and ______
heparin and histamine
_____ is the process of development of white blood cells
leukopoiesis
List the ways that the body uses iron
Nearly all cells use Fe2+ to make electron-transport molecules (cytochromes) in their mitochondria
The muscles use Fe2+ to make the myoglobin
The bone marrow uses Fe2+ for hemoglobin synthesis
List the correct order for the steps of hemostasis
1) vascular spasm
2) platelet plug formation
3) blood coagulation
Iron is critical for the synthesis of _____, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells
hemoglobin
The three components of the circulatory system are the blood vessels, the blood, and the
heart
The transport function of plasma includes the transport of
nutrients from the digestive system
Identify the characteristics of neutrophils
They are the most abundant leukocyte
They have nuclei of various shapes
The buffy coat is about 1% of the blood volume and it is composed of
leukocytes and platelets
Leukocytes called _____ function to destroy large parasites
eosinophils
Name three mechanisms that prevent inappropriate clotting
dilution of clotting factors
platelet repulsion caused by postacyclin
presence of anticoagulants such as heparin and antithrombin
The ____ are the least common of the formed elements of the blood
leukocytes
Which of the following cause hemolytic anemia?
penicillin allergy
sickle cell disease, thalassemia, malaria
blood type incompatibilities
snake and spider venom
Organize the sequence of events that lead to the disposal of the heme during RBC recycling
1) macrophages remove the iron
2) macrophages convert the heme into biliverdin
3) a yellow-green pigment called bilirubin is formed
Cell fragments produced from megakaryocytes are called ____
platelets
State the purpose of a differential WBC count
Determine the number and ratio of various leukocytes in a sample
List some causes of anemia
increased hemolysis, hemorrhage, and inadequate hemoglobin synthesis
A generalized condition in which there is too little hemoglobin or too few erythrocytes is
anemia
A blood clot consists of a meshwork formed of the protein called
fibrin
List the agranulocytes
monocytes and lymphocytes
Describe how various plasma components are continuously replaced in the body
water, nutrients, and electrolytes are obtained through absorption in the digestive tract
gamma globulins come from plasma cells
most proteins are produced by the liver
Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein. List its functions
pH buffering of plasma, solute transport, and maintenance of osmolarity
_____ is the process of platelet formation
thrombopoiesis
Place in the order the steps in iron metabolism from the moment it is absorbed from the intestine until it is distributed to be used in the body
1) Absorbed Fe2+ binds to transferrin in plasma
2) Some transferrin releases Fe2+ for storage in the liver
3) Fe2+ binds apoferritni to be stored as ferritin
4) Remaining transferrin goes to other organs where Fe2+ is used
Which describes leukemia?
A form of cancer that results in very high numbers of leukocytes and their precursors in he blood
List some causes of leukocytosis
infection, dehydration, and allergy
Match the precursos cell with the cells that arise from each
monoblast and monocyte
myeloblast and granulocyte
lymphoblast and lymphocyte
Define viscosity
resistance to flow due to the cohesion of its particles
The largest type of leukocyte (based on size) found circulating in the blood is the
monocyte
Thrombosis is more likely to occur in veins than in arteries because
blood flows more slowly and does not dilute thrombin and fibrin as rapidly
Name three clinical measurements that express the blood's ability to carry oxygen
hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and RBC count
In addition to water, the plasma consists of
ablumins, globulins, and fibrinogen
electrolytes, nutrients, and organic wastes
Leukocytes called _____ have a two-lobed nucleus and rosy to orange-colored granules when stained
eosinophils
Place in order the steps in iron metabolism from the moment of iron intake until it is absorbed from the digestive tract
1) a mixture of Fe2+ and Fe3+ is ingested
2) the stomach acid converts Fe3+ and Fe2+
3) Fe2+ binds to gastroferrin
4) Gastroferrin carries Fe2+ to intestine for absoprtion
Antigens on the surface of the erythrocyte membranes determine
blood type
A person with blood type B was accidentally given a transfusion of blood type A. List the consequences of this transfusion reaction.
hemolysis of RBCs occurs and hemoglobin is released over the next few hours to days
agglutinated RBCs block small blood vessels
Name the site of plasma proteins production
liver
_____ is the condition in which the platelet count is less than 100,000
thrombocytopenia
The process by which clots become more compact is called clot
retraction
Hemostasis typically involved ____ mechanisms of coagulation
both extrinsic and intrinsic
Indicate which of the following are the correct values of some characteristics of blood
total WBC count: 5,000-10,000
pH: 7.35-7.45
osomlarity: 280-296
volume in females: 4-5 L; volume in males: 5-6 L
The interaction of protein factors to produce a clot is called
coagulation
List, in order, the stages of erythropoiesis from least differentiated to most differentiated
hemopoiectic stem cell
colony-forming unit
eryhtroblast
reticulocyte
erythrocyte
Define hemostasis
physiological process that controls excessive bleeding
List two features of reticulocytes that differ from a mature red blood cell
reticulocytes have polyribosomes; RBCs do not
RBCs are more numerous; only 0.5-1.5% of circulating blood cells are reticulocytes
Identify the test that provides information about RBC, WBC, and platelet count
CBC
_____ is the rupture of red blood cells
hemolysis
People with blood type O are considered universal
donors
Myeloid hemopoiesis occurs in the ____, while lymphoid hemopoiesis occurs in _____
bone marrow; lymphatic organs
List some functions of proteins in plasma
transport of iron, copper, lipids, hydrophobic hormones
body defense
clotting
The ABO blood type _____ is sometimes called the universal recipient
AB
Place in order the main steps of development of white blood cells or leukopoiesis
hemopoietic stem cells (HSE)
colony forming units (CFU)
precursor cells (myeloblasts, monoblasts, lymphoblasts)
mature cells
Define eryhtopoiesis
production of RBCs
A blood cell called a ____ is the granulocyte whose granules contain heparin and histamine
basophil
Describe he role of erythopoietin
stimulates red blood cell production
Describe lymphocytes
a small cell with a large round nucleus
An excess of red blood cells is called
polycythemia
Name the most common ion found in the blood
sodium
Identify which of the following are functions of lymphocytes
Coordinate actions of other immune cells
"present" antigens to activate other cells of immune system
serve in immune memory
destroy cancer cells , cells infected with viruses, and foreign cells
The percentage of the blood's volume composed of erythrocytes is called the
hematocrit
List, in order, the events that occur during fibrinolysis
1) prekallikrein is converted to kallikrein
2) kallikrein catalyzes the formation of plasmin
3) plasmin dissolves the blood clot
When collagen in the wall of a blood vessel is exposed as a result of injury, _____ adhere and develop long, spiny pseudopods which draw the vessel walls back together
platelets
A blood clot that forms in an undamaged vessel is called a ______. If it breaks loose and travels through the bloodstream it is called a ______
thrombus, embolus
____ anemia is more common in women because of blood loss during menses
hemorrhagic
Name the result of coagulation
conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
List functions of macrophages
phagocytize dead cells, destroy foreign antigens, and present antigens
High levels of bilirubin in the blood lead to a condition called
jaundice
A ____ is a mass of clotted blood in the tissues
hematoma
Describe the function of an antibody
to bind to an antigen and mark it for destruction
Name the erythrocyte-bound antigens used to determine the most common type of blood typing
A,B
Describe erythrocytes
they lack internal organelles and perform anaerobic fermentation
Two alpha and two beta protein chains form ____ hemoglobin
adult
The clinical values for the RBC and hemoglobin content of the blood differ significantly between women and men. List three factors that explain the difference
men have less body fat
women sustain menstrual losses
androgens stimulate RBC production
Bone marrow transplants are a treatment options for several conditions such as leukemia. Indicate which of the following statements are true
it is difficult to find compatible donors
up to one-third of patients die from complications
a graft-versus-host response may occur
Resulting in different blood types, red blood cells have specific antigens on their surfaces called
agglutinogens
The enzyme _____ converts fibrinogen into fibrin
thrombin
A ____ is a giant precursor cell with a multilobed nucleus which fragments to form platelets
megakaryocyte
Toxic end products of catabolism include _____ such as urea, which is a product of amino acid catabolism
nitrogenous wastes
Name the function of hemopoietic tissue
they produce the formed elements of blood
A clot is formed by a mesh framework of the protein called
fibrin
_____ leukemia is typified by uncontrolled production of agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes) and agranulocyte precursors
lymphoid
Name the formed element of blood that transports both oxygen and carbon dioxide
erythrocytes
List some risks associated with polycythemia
increased blood viscosity, increased blood volume, and high blood pressure
List possible causes of hypoplastic or aplastic anemia
drugs and posions, viruses, radiation, and autoimmune disease
Monocytes that migrate into the tissues become phagocytes called
macrophages
Name the first response to a blood vessel injury
vascular spasm