front 1 Group | back 1 people who have something in common and who believe that what they have in common is significant; also called social group |
front 2 Society | back 2 people who share a culture and a territory |
front 3 Hunting and Gathering Society | back 3 a human group that depends on hunting and gathering for its survival simplest form of society |
front 4 Shaman | back 4 a tribe's healing specialist who attempts to control the spirits thought to cause a disease |
front 5 Pastoral society | back 5 a society based on the pasturing of animals |
front 6 Horticultural (gardening society) | back 6 cultivation of plants by the use of hand tools |
front 7 Domestication revolution | back 7 the first social revolution, based on the domestication of plants and animals, which led to pastoral and horticultural societies |
front 8 Agricultural revolution | back 8 the second social revolution, based on the invention of the plow, which led to agricultural studies |
front 9 Agricultural society | back 9 a society based on large-scale agriculture |
front 10 Industrial Revolution | back 10 the third social revolution, occurring when machines powered by fuels replaced most animal and human power |
front 11 Industrial society | back 11 a society based on the harnessing of machines powered by fuels |
front 12 Postindustrial (information) society | back 12 a society based on information, services, and high technology, rather than on raw materials and manufacturing |
front 13 Biotech society | back 13 a society whose economy increasingly centers on modifying genetics to produce food, medicine, and materials genetic structures-both plant and animal |
front 14 Aggregate | back 14 individuals who temporarily share the same physical space but do not see themselves as belonging together |
front 15 Category | back 15 people, objects, and events that have similar characteristics and are classified together |
front 16 Primary group | back 16 a small group characterized by intimate, longterm, face-to-face association and cooperation |
front 17 Secondary group | back 17 compared with a primary group, a larger, relatively temporary, more anonymous, formal, and impersonal group based on some interest or activity |
front 18 in-group | back 18 a group toward one feels loyalty |
front 19 out-group | back 19 a group toward one feels antagonism |
front 20 Reference group | back 20 a group whose standards we refer to as we evaluate ourselves |
front 21 Social network | back 21 the social ties radiating outward from the self that people link together |
front 22 Stanley Milgram | back 22 "small world phenomenon"-how extensive the connections are among social networks |
front 23 Group dynamics | back 23 the ways in which individuals affect groups and the ways in which groups influence individuals |
front 24 Small group | back 24 a group small enough for everyone to interact directly with all the other members |
front 25 Solomon Ash and group dynamics | back 25 individuals are willing to compromise their beliefs to avoid the discomfort of being different from others in a group a group of "stooges" collaborated to give wrong answers, examined the topic conformity with peers |
front 26 What is another name for instrumental group leader? | back 26 task-oriented leader |
front 27 Members of which kind of group would be most likely to get help if one of the group members seemed to be in trouble? | back 27 Dyad |
front 28 A leader who asks for everyones input? | back 28 Democratic leader |
front 29 Emile Durkheim | back 29 Small groups stand as a buffer between the individual and larger society, thereby preventing anomie |
front 30 Georg Simmel would agree with which of the following statements? | back 30 Triads are inherently unstable |
front 31 Irving Janis | back 31 people participating in groupthink limit additional points of view, resulting in a narrow view of the issue |
front 32 Primary and secondary social groups differ according to? | back 32 their 'members' degree of personal concern for one another |
front 33 Why is a triad more stable than a dyad? | back 33 a triad can survive if members are struggling, since the other member can mediate |
front 34 Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between social inequality and agricultural societies? | back 34 as societies become more agricultural, inequality became a fundamental feature of life |
front 35 Raul lives in a society whose economy is centered on applying and altering genetic structures to produce food, medicine, and materials. | back 35 biotech society |
front 36 Where inequality became fundamental a feature of life... | back 36 agricultural society |
front 37 As a result of the domestication revolution... | back 37 groups were able to farm a steady food supply, to increase in size, to develop a division of labor, and to stimiluate trade |
front 38 The groups we use as standards to evaluate ourselves... | back 38 reference groups |
front 39 The dominating nature of our huge society has created a bewildering sense of us not belonging that is referred to as... | back 39 anomie; a termed coined by Emile Durkheim |
front 40 College students over age 35 are an example of a... | back 40 category |
front 41 Stanley Milgram conducted the original... | back 41 the "small world phenomenon" research |
front 42 The attitudes and thinking patterns that result from identification with in-groups can lead to... | back 42 discrimination and prejudice |
front 43 What marked the beginning of the third social revolution? | back 43 using the steam engine to run machinery |
front 44 Which of the following statements best explains the relationship between inequality and industrial revolution? | back 44 Industrialization brought am abundance of goods, and as workers won basic rights, the pattern of inequality was reversed |
front 45 what kind of society is the simplest form? | back 45 hunting and gathering |
front 46 In a group of six people... | back 46 fifteen relationships are possible |
front 47 dyad | back 47 the smallest possible group, consisting of two persons |
front 48 triad | back 48 a group of three people |
front 49 coalition | back 49 the alignment of some members of a group against others |
front 50 Capitalism | back 50 the economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production, the pursuit of profit, and market competition |
front 51 Instrumental leader | back 51 try to keep a group moving towards its goals |
front 52 Expressive leader | back 52 focus on creating harmony and raising group morale |
front 53 Authoritarian leader | back 53 give orders |
front 54 Democratic leader | back 54 lead by consensus |
front 55 Laissez-faire leader | back 55 highly permissive |
front 56 Rationality | back 56 using rules, efficiency, and practical results to determine human affairs |
front 57 Traditional society (Horticultural, Agricultural) | back 57 arrangements will continue indefinitely production takes place in home or in fields relationships in production are long-term |
front 58 Nontraditional society (Industrial, Postindustrial) | back 58 production takes place in a centralized location arrangements are evaluated periodically relationships in production are short-term based on contracts |
front 59 Rationalization of society | back 59 a widespread acceptance of rationality and social organizations that are built largely around this idea |
front 60 Karl Marx | back 60 attributed rationalization to capitalism |
front 61 Max Weber | back 61 linked the break with tradition and the rationalization of society to protestantism |
front 62 Bureaucracy | back 62 a formal organization with a hierarchy of authority and a clear division of labor; emphasis on impersonality of positions and written rules, communications and records |
front 63 Which of the following statements best explains the relationship between bureaucracy and alienation? | back 63 bureaucracy can foster feelings of alienation as one becomes part of a big system |
front 64 In a bureaucracy... | back 64 assignments flow upward from level to level, and accountability flows downward |
front 65 Gary has worked for the same company for 10 years. He hates his job, but sees no better option for employment. He does as little as possible at work and has a bad attitude towards his superiors and clients. Gary is an example of... | back 65 an alienated bureaucrat |
front 66 Inner circle | back 66 individuals who stand firmly behind a groups goals, who actively promote the group, and who are committed to maintaining the organization |
front 67 Oligarchy | back 67 is the rule of the many by a few |
front 68 What is the basis for organization of all voluntary associations? | back 68 mutual interest |
front 69 The iron law of oligarchy refers to how organizations... | back 69 come to be dominated by a small, self-perpetuating life |
front 70 Why is excluding women and minorities from consideration for promotion a self-defeating choice for a business? | back 70 the business decreases its talent pool by excluding whole groups |
front 71 What is an example of the hidden corporate culture? | back 71 a female employee's boss does not expect her to succeed, which is why she fails |
front 72 Work teams | back 72 small groups of workers who try to develop solutions to problems in the workplace, as a step in humanizing the work setting |
front 73 Cyberslacking | back 73 using computers for personal purposes |
front 74 Why did Japan's corporations refuse to layoff workers in the 1990's? | back 74 they saw layoffs as a sign of disloyalty to workers |
front 75 What kind of society is considered nontraditional, or rational? | back 75 industrial |
front 76 A CEO retires from a corporation. Before he is gone, the next candidate has been primed for the position. This is an example of... | back 76 impersonality and replaceability in a bureaucracy |
front 77 Who blamed the change on capitalism... | back 77 Karl Marx |
front 78 Who shared his observations about American participation in voluntary organizations in the report Democracy in America? | back 78 Alexis de Tocqueville |
front 79 The main purpose of work teams is to... | back 79 empower workers |
front 80 Formal organization | back 80 is a secondary group designed to achieve specific objectives |
front 81 Corporate culture | back 81 the values, norms, and other orientation that characterize corporate work settings |