Sociology: Chapters 6-10 Flashcards

people who have something in common and who believe that what they have in common is significant; also called social group

people who share a culture and a territory

a human group that depends on hunting and gathering for its survival

simplest form of society

a tribe's healing specialist who attempts to control the spirits thought to cause a disease

a society based on the pasturing of animals

cultivation of plants by the use of hand tools

the first social revolution, based on the domestication of plants and animals, which led to pastoral and horticultural societies

the second social revolution, based on the invention of the plow, which led to agricultural studies

a society based on large-scale agriculture

the third social revolution, occurring when machines powered by fuels replaced most animal and human power

a society based on the harnessing of machines powered by fuels

a society based on information, services, and high technology, rather than on raw materials and manufacturing

a society whose economy increasingly centers on modifying genetics to produce food, medicine, and materials

genetic structures-both plant and animal

individuals who temporarily share the same physical space but do not see themselves as belonging together

people, objects, and events that have similar characteristics and are classified together

a small group characterized by intimate, longterm, face-to-face association and cooperation

compared with a primary group, a larger, relatively temporary, more anonymous, formal, and impersonal group based on some interest or activity

a group toward one feels loyalty

a group toward one feels antagonism

a group whose standards we refer to as we evaluate ourselves

the social ties radiating outward from the self that people link together

"small world phenomenon"-how extensive the connections are among social networks

the ways in which individuals affect groups and the ways in which groups influence individuals

a group small enough for everyone to interact directly with all the other members

individuals are willing to compromise their beliefs to avoid the discomfort of being different from others in a group

a group of "stooges" collaborated to give wrong answers, examined the topic conformity with peers

task-oriented leader

Dyad

Democratic leader

Small groups stand as a buffer between the individual and larger society, thereby preventing anomie

Triads are inherently unstable

people participating in groupthink limit additional points of view, resulting in a narrow view of the issue

their 'members' degree of personal concern for one another

a triad can survive if members are struggling, since the other member can mediate

as societies become more agricultural, inequality became a fundamental feature of life

biotech society

agricultural society

groups were able to farm a steady food supply, to increase in size, to develop a division of labor, and to stimiluate trade

reference groups

anomie; a termed coined by Emile Durkheim

category

the "small world phenomenon" research

discrimination and prejudice

using the steam engine to run machinery

Industrialization brought am abundance of goods, and as workers won basic rights, the pattern of inequality was reversed

hunting and gathering

fifteen relationships are possible

the smallest possible group, consisting of two persons

a group of three people

the alignment of some members of a group against others

the economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production, the pursuit of profit, and market competition

try to keep a group moving towards its goals

focus on creating harmony and raising group morale

give orders

lead by consensus

highly permissive

using rules, efficiency, and practical results to determine human affairs

arrangements will continue indefinitely

production takes place in home or in fields

relationships in production are long-term

production takes place in a centralized location

arrangements are evaluated periodically

relationships in production are short-term

based on contracts

a widespread acceptance of rationality and social organizations that are built largely around this idea

attributed rationalization to capitalism

linked the break with tradition and the rationalization of society to protestantism

a formal organization with a hierarchy of authority and a clear division of labor; emphasis on impersonality of positions and written rules, communications and records

bureaucracy can foster feelings of alienation as one becomes part of a big system

assignments flow upward from level to level, and accountability flows downward

an alienated bureaucrat

individuals who stand firmly behind a groups goals, who actively promote the group, and who are committed to maintaining the organization

is the rule of the many by a few

mutual interest

come to be dominated by a small, self-perpetuating life

the business decreases its talent pool by excluding whole groups

a female employee's boss does not expect her to succeed, which is why she fails

small groups of workers who try to develop solutions to problems in the workplace, as a step in humanizing the work setting

using computers for personal purposes

they saw layoffs as a sign of disloyalty to workers

industrial

impersonality and replaceability in a bureaucracy

Karl Marx

Alexis de Tocqueville

empower workers

is a secondary group designed to achieve specific objectives

the values, norms, and other orientation that characterize corporate work settings