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5 Radreview Biological (102)

front 1 The effects of radiation on biologic material depend on several factors. If a quantity of radiation is delivered to a body over a long period of time, the effect A will be greater than if it is delivered all at one time B will be less than if it is delivered all at one time C has no relation to how it is delivered in time D solely depends on the radiation quality	back 1 B will be less than if it is delivered all at one time
front 2 Sources of natural background radiation contributing to whole-body radiation dose include dental x-rays terrestrial radionuclides internal radionuclides A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 2 C 2 and 3 only
front 3 In the production of Bremsstrahlung radiation A the incident photon ejects an inner-shell tungsten electron B the incident photon is deflected, with resulting energy loss C the incident electron ejects an inner-shell tungsten electron D the incident electron is deflected, with resulting energy loss	back 3 D the incident electron is deflected, with resulting energy loss
front 4 What is used to account for the differences in tissue sensitivity to ionizing radiation when determining effective dose E? Tissue weighting factors (W t ) Radiation weighting factors (W r ) Absorbed dose A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 4 A 1 only

front 5 Diagnostic x-radiation may be correctly described as A low energy, low LET B low energy, high LET C high energy, low LET D high energy, high LET	back 5 A low energy, low LET
front 6 Somatic effects resulting from radiation exposure can have possible consequences on the exposed individual have possible consequences on future generations cause temporary infertility A 1 only B 1 and 3 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 6 B 1 and 3 only
front 7 Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter involves partial transfer of the incident photon energy to the involved atom? A Photoelectric effect B Compton scattering C Coherent scattering D Pair production	back 7 B Compton scattering
front 8 Factors that contribute to the amount of scattered radiation produced include radiation quality field size grid ratio A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 8 B 1 and 2 only

front 9 The interaction between x-ray photons and matter pictured in Figure A is associated with Figure A. 1. high-energy x-ray photons. 2. ionization. 3. characteristic radiation. A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 3 only	back 9 D 2 and 3 only
front 10 Stochastic effects of radiation include A blood changes B genetic alterations C cataractogenesis D reduced fertility	back 10 B genetic alterations
front 11 All the following radiation-exposure responses exhibit a nonlinear threshold dose–response relationship except A skin erythema B hematologic depression C radiation lethality D leukemia	back 11 D leukemia
front 12 What is used to account for the differences in ionizing characteristics of various radiations, when determining their effect on biologic material? 1. Radiation weighting factors ( W r ) 2. Tissue weighting factors ( W t ) 3. Absorbed dose A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 12 A 1 only

front 13 The law of Bergonié and Tribondeau states that cells are more radiosensitive if they are highly proliferative highly differentiated immature A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 13 C 1 and 3 only
front 14 Which of the following types of radiation is (are) considered electromagnetic? X-ray Gamma Beta A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 14 B 1 and 2 only
front 15 Which of the following is (are) possible long-term somatic effects of radiation exposure? Blood changes Cataractogenesis Embryologic effects A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 15 C 2 and 3 only
front 16 The dose of radiation that will cause a noticeable skin reaction is referred to as the A LET B SSD C SED D SID	back 16 C SED

front 17 Which of the following radiation exposure responses exhibit a nonlinear threshold dose-response relationship? 1. Skin erythema 2. Hematologic depression 3. Lethality A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 17 D 1, 2, and 3
front 18 Which of the following has(have) been identified as source(s) of radon exposure? Indoors, in houses Smoking cigarettes Radiology departments A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 18 B 1 and 2 only
front 19 The photoelectric effect is more likely to occur with absorbers having a high Z number high-energy incident photons positive contrast media A 1 and 2 only B 1 and 3 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 19 B 1 and 3 only
front 20 Stochastic effects of radiation are those that have a threshold may be described as “all-or-nothing” effects are late effects A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 20 C 2 and 3 only

front 21 Which of the dose–response curves seen in Figure 3–4 represents possible genetic effects of ionizing radiation? A Dose–response curve A B Dose–response curve B C Dose–response curve C D None of these	back 21 A Dose–response curve A
front 22 The principal late effects of ionizing radiation on humans include local tissue damage genetic effects malignant disease A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 22 C 2 and 3 only
front 23 In radiation protection, the product of absorbed dose and the correct modifying factor (rad × QF) is used to determine A roentgen (C/kg) B rem (Sv) C curie (Cu) D radiation quality	back 23 B rem (Sv)
front 24 Early symptoms of acute radiation syndrome include leukopenia nausea and vomiting cataracts A 1 and 2 only B 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 3 only	back 24 A 1 and 2 only

front 25 LET is best defined as a method of expressing radiation quality a measure of the rate at which radiation energy is transferred to soft tissue absorption of polyenergetic radiation A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 25 B 1 and 2 only
front 26 Which of the following cells is the least radiosensitive? A Myelocytes B Myocytes C Megakaryocytes D Erythroblast	back 26 B Myocytes
front 27 Which of the following types of adult tissues is (are) relatively insensitive to radiation exposure? 1. Muscle tissue 2. Nerve tissue 3. Epithelial tissue A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 27 B 1 and 2 only
front 28 If 600 rad or more is received as a whole-body dose in a short period of time, certain symptoms will occur; these are referred to as A short-term effects. B long-term effects. C lethal dose. D acute radiation syndrome.	back 28 D acute radiation syndrome.

front 29 Which of the following dose-response curve characteristics represent genetic and some somatic responses to radiation? 1. Linear 2. Nonthreshold 3. Sigmoidal A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 29 B 1 and 2 only
front 30 Which of the dose-response curves pictured in Figure A illustrate(s) a linear threshold dose effect? Figure A. 1. Curve number 1 2. Curve number 2 3. Curve number 3 A 1 only B 3 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 30 B 3 only
front 31 Which of the following is (are) considered especially radiosensitive tissues? Bone marrow Intestinal crypt cells Erythroblasts A 1 and 2 only B 1 and 3 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 31 D 1, 2, and 3
front 32 Which of the following anomalies is (are) possible if an exposure dose of 40 rad (400 mGy) were delivered to a pregnant uterus in the third week of pregnancy? Skeletal anomaly Organ anomaly Neurologic anomaly A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 32 B 1 and 2 only

front 33 Which of the following statements is (are) true with respect to the dose–response curve shown in Figure 3–6?The quantity of radiation is directly related to the dose received. No threshold is required for effects to occur. A minimum amount of radiation is required for manifestation of effects. A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 3 only	back 33 C 1 and 3 only
front 34 The skin response to radiation exposure that appears as hair loss is known as A dry desquamation B moist desquamation C erythema D epilation	back 34 D epilation
front 35 If a quantity of radiation is delivered to a body over a short period of time, its effect A will be greater than if it were delivered over a long period of time. B depends solely on the distance factor. C has no relation to how it is delivered in time. D depends solely on the radiation quantity.	back 35 A will be greater than if it were delivered over a long period of time.
front 36 The interaction between ionizing radiation and the target molecule that is most likely to occur is the A direct effect B indirect effect C target effect D random effect	back 36 B indirect effect

front 37 The target theory applies to A spermatagonia B oocytes C lymphocytes D DNA molecules	back 37 D DNA molecules
front 38 The classifications of acute radiation syndrome include all the following except A central nervous system B gastrointestinal C neonatal D hematologic	back 38 C neonatal
front 39 Which of the following interactions between x-ray photons and matter is most responsible for patient dose? A The photoelectric effect B Compton scatter C Classic scatter D Thompson scatter	back 39 A The photoelectric effect
front 40 Which of the following are considered most radiosensitive? A Lymphocytes B Ova C Neurons D Myocytes	back 40 A Lymphocytes

front 41 For exposure to 1 rad of each of the following ionizing radiations, which would result in the greatest dose to the individual? A External source of 1-MeV x-rays B External source of diagnostic x-rays C Internal source of alpha particles D External source of beta particles	back 41 C Internal source of alpha particles
front 42 Which interaction between x-ray photons and matter results in total absorption of the incident photon? A Photoelectric effect B Compton scattering C Coherent scattering D Pair production	back 42 A Photoelectric effect
front 43 Which of the following expresses the gonadal dose that, if received by every member of the population, would be expected to produce the same total genetic effect on that population as the actual doses received by each of the individuals? A Genetically significant dose B Somatically significant dose C Maximum permissible dose D Lethal dose	back 43 A Genetically significant dose
front 44 What is the relationship between LET and RBE? A As LET increases, RBE increases. B As LET increases, RBE decreases. C As LET decreases, RBE increases. D There is no direct relationship between LET and RBE.	back 44 A As LET increases, RBE increases.

front 45 Which of the following cell types has the greatest radiosensitivity in the adult human? A Nerve cells B Muscle cells C Spermatids D Lymphocytes	back 45 D Lymphocytes
front 46 The term used to describe the gradual decrease in exposure rate as an x-ray beam passes through matter is A attenuation B absorption C scattered radiation D secondary radiation	back 46 A attenuation
front 47 What is the effect on RBE as LET increases? A As LET increases, RBE increases. B As LET increases, RBE decreases. C As LET increases, RBE stabilizes. D LET has no effect on RBE.	back 47 A As LET increases, RBE increases.
front 48 The dose–response curve that appears to be valid for genetic and some somatic effects is the linear nonlinear nonthreshold A 1 only B 1 and 3 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 48 B 1 and 3 only

front 49 Late radiation-induced somatic effects include thyroid cancers cataractogenesis skin cancers A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 49 D 1, 2, and 3
front 50 Which of the following defines the gonadal dose that, if received by every member of the population, would be expected to produce the same total genetic effect on that population as the actual doses received by each of the individuals? A Genetically significant dose B Somatically significant dose C Maximum permissible dose D Lethal dose	back 50 A Genetically significant dose
front 51 How are LET and biologic response related? A They are inversely related. B They are directly related. C They are related in a reciprocal fashion. D They are unrelated.	back 51 B They are directly related.
front 52 Which of the following statements regarding the human gonadal cells is (are) true? The female oogonia reproduce only during fetal life. The male spermatogonia reproduce continuously. Both male and female stem cells reproduce only during fetal life. A 1 only B 2 only C 1 and 2 only D 3 only	back 52 C 1 and 2 only

front 53 In 1906, Bergonié and Tribondeau theorized that undifferentiated cells are highly radiosensitive. Which of the following is (are) characteristic(s) of undifferentiated cells? Young cells Highly mitotic cells Precursor cells A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 53 D 1, 2, and 3
front 54 Which of the following terms refers to the period between conception and birth? A Gestation B Congenital C Neonatal D In vitro	back 54 A Gestation
front 55 The interaction between x-ray photons and matter shown in Figure 3–1 is associated withtotal energy transfer from photon to electron an outer-shell electron Compton scatter A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 2 and 3 only	back 55 A 1 only
front 56 Biologic material is most sensitive to radiation exposure under which of the following conditions? A Anoxic B Hypoxic C Oxygenated D Deoxygenated	back 56 C Oxygenated

front 57 Examples of stochastic effects of radiation exposure include radiation-induced malignancy genetic effects leukemia A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 57 D 1, 2, and 3
front 58 The symbols 130/56 Ba and 138/56 Ba are examples of which of the following? A Isotopes B Isobars C Isotones D Isomers	back 58 A Isotopes
front 59 Which of the following is (are) considered long-term somatic effect(s) of exposure to ionizing radiation? Life-span shortening Carcinogenesis Cataractogenesis A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 59 D 1, 2, and 3
front 60 Which of the following radiation-induced conditions is most likely to have the longest latent period? A Leukemia B Temporary infertility C Erythema D Acute radiation lethality	back 60 A Leukemia

front 61 Biologic material is least sensitive to irradiation under which of the following conditions? A Anoxic B Hypoxic C Oxygenated D Hyperbaric	back 61 A Anoxic
front 62 The effects of radiation on biologic material depend on several factors. If a large quantity of radiation is delivered to a body over a short period of time, the effect A will be greater than if it were delivered in increments B will be less than if it were delivered in increments C has no relation to how it is delivered in time D solely depends on the radiation quality	back 62 A will be greater than if it were delivered in increments
front 63 Which type of dose–response relationship represents radiation-induced leukemia and genetic effects? A Linear, threshold B Nonlinear, threshold C Linear, nonthreshold D Nonlinear, nonthreshold	back 63 C Linear, nonthreshold
front 64 Which of the following tissues or organs is the most radiosensitive? A Rectum B Esophagus C Small bowel D Central nervous system (CNS)	back 64 C Small bowel

front 65 What is (are) the major effect(s) of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) irradiation? Malignant disease Chromosome aberration Cell death A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 65 D 1, 2, and 3
front 66 Which of the following is (are) used to account for the differences in tissue characteristics when determining effective dose to biologic material? Tissue weighting factors (W t ) Radiation weighting factors (W r ) Absorbed dose A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 66 A 1 only
front 67 Types of secondary radiation include1. scattered. 2. leakage. 3. primary. A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 67 B 1 and 2 only
front 68 Examples of late effects of ionizing radiation on humans include leukemia local tissue damage malignant disease A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 68 D 1, 2, and 3

front 69 Major effect(s) of irradiation of macromolecules include(s) point lesions cross-linking main-chain scission A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 69 D 1, 2, and 3
front 70 Occupational exposure received by the radiographer is mostly from A Compton scatter B the photoelectric effect C coherent scatter D pair production	back 70 A Compton scatter
front 71 The most radiosensitive portion of the GI tract is the A upper esophagus B stomach C small bowel D cecum and ascending colon	back 71 C small bowel
front 72 Somatic effects of radiation refer to effects that are manifested A in the descendants of the exposed individual B during the life of the exposed individual C in the exposed individual and his or her descendants D in the reproductive cells of the exposed individual	back 72 B during the life of the exposed individual

front 73 Which of the following cell types has the lowest radiosensitivity? A Nerve cells B Muscle cells C Spermatids D Lymphocytes	back 73 A Nerve cells
front 74 Irradiation of macromolecules in vitro can result in main-chain scission cross-linking point lesions A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 74 D 1, 2, and 3
front 75 Possible responses to irradiation in utero include spontaneous abortion congenital anomalies childhood malignancies A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3 only	back 75 D 1, 2, and 3 only
front 76 The skin response to radiation exposure, which appears as reddening of the irradiated skin area, is known as A dry desquamation B moist desquamation C erythema D epilation	back 76 C erythema

front 77 The photoelectric effect is an interaction between an x-ray photon and A an inner-shell electron B an outer-shell electron C a nucleus D another photon	back 77 A an inner-shell electron
front 78 Which interaction between ionizing radiation and the target molecule involves formation of a free radical? A Direct effect B Indirect effect C Target effect D Random effect	back 78 B Indirect effect
front 79 Which of the dose–response curve(s) shown in Figure 3–2 illustrate(s) a linear threshold response to radiation exposure?Dose–response curve A Dose–response curve B Dose–response curve C A 1 only B 2 only C 1 and 2 only D 2 and 3 only	back 79 B 2 only
front 80 The radiation dose to an individual depends on which of the following? Type of tissue interaction(s) Quantity of radiation Biologic differences A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 80 D 1, 2, and 3

front 81 Which of the following types of adult tissue is (are) comparatively insensitive to effects of ionizing radiation? Epithelial tissue Nerve tissue Muscle tissue A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 81 C 2 and 3 only
front 82 What is the term used to describe x-ray photon interaction with matter and the transference of part of the photon's energy to matter? A Absorption B Scattering C Attenuation D Divergence	back 82 B Scattering
front 83 How do fractionation and protraction affect radiation dose effects? They reduce the effect of radiation exposure. They permit cellular repair. They allow tissue recovery. A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 83 D 1, 2, and 3
front 84 Which acute radiation syndrome requires the largest exposure before any effects become apparent? A Hematopoietic B Gastrointestinal C Central nervous system (CNS) D Skeletal	back 84 C Central nervous system (CNS)

front 85 Linear energy transfer (LET) may be best described as A the amount of energy delivered per distance traveled in tissue. B the unit of absorbed dose. C radiation equivalent man. D radiation absorbed dose.	back 85 A the amount of energy delivered per distance traveled in tissue.
front 86 If a quantity of radiation is delivered to a body in a short period of time, its effect A will be greater than if it were delivered over a long period of time. B will be less than if it were delivered over a long period of time. C has no relation to how it is delivered in time. D is solely dependent on the radiation quality.	back 86 A will be greater than if it were delivered over a long period of time.
front 87 Which of the following contributes most to patient dose? A The photoelectric effect B Compton scatter C Classical scatter D Thompson scatter	back 87 A The photoelectric effect
front 88 Irradiation of water molecules within the body and their resulting breakdown is termed A epilation B radiolysis C proliferation D repopulation	back 88 B radiolysis

front 89 The symbols 130/56 Ba and 138/56 Ba are examples of which of the following? A Isotopes B Isobars C Isotones D Isomers	back 89 A Isotopes
front 90 Which of the dose–response curves shown in Figure 6–2 illustrate(s) illustrates a linear relationship between dose and response?Curve number 1 Curve number 2 Curve number 3 A 1 only B 2 only C 1 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 90 C 1 and 3 only
front 91 The effect of ionizing radiation on tissue depends on which of the following? Type of tissue interaction(s) Amount of interactions Biologic differences A 1 and 2 only B 1 and 3 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 91 D 1, 2, and 3
front 92 Isotopes are atoms that have the same A mass number but a different atomic number B atomic number but a different mass number C mass number but a different neutron number D atomic number and mass number	back 92 B atomic number but a different mass number

front 93 The effects of radiation on biologic material depend on several factors. If a quantity of radiation is delivered to a body over a long period of time, the effect A will be greater than if it were delivered all at one time B will be less than if it were delivered all at one time C has no relation to how it is delivered in time D depends solely on the radiation quality	back 93 B will be less than if it were delivered all at one time
front 94 Late or long-term effects of radiation exposure are generally represented by which of the following dose-response curves? A Linear threshold B Linear nonthreshold C Nonlinear threshold D Nonlinear nonthreshold	back 94 B Linear nonthreshold
front 95 Which of the following factors can affect the amount or the nature of radiation damage to biologic tissue? Radiation quality Absorbed dose Size of irradiated area A 1 only B 2 only C 1 and 2 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 95 D 1, 2, and 3
front 96 What is likely to occur if 25 rad is accidentally delivered to a recently fertilized ovum? A Skeletal anomalies B CNS anomalies C Spontaneous abortion D Childhood malignancy	back 96 C Spontaneous abortion

front 97 Which of the following cell types has the greatest radiosensitivity? A Nerve cells B Muscle cells C Spermatids D Lymphocytes	back 97 D Lymphocytes
front 98 Late effects of radiation, whose incidence is dose related and for which there is no threshold dose, are referred to as A nonstochastic B stochastic C chromosomal aberration D hematologic depression	back 98 B stochastic
front 99 The x-ray interaction with matter that is responsible for the majority of scattered radiation reaching the image receptor (IR) is A the photoelectric effect B Compton scatter C classical scatter D Thompson scatter	back 99 B Compton scatter
front 100 Which of the following ionizing radiations is described as having an RBE of 1.0? A 10 MeV protons B 5 MeV alpha particles C Diagnostic x-rays D Fast neutrons	back 100 C Diagnostic x-rays

front 101 Sources of natural background radiation exposure include 1. the food we eat. 2. air travel. 3. medical and dental x-rays. A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 101 B 1 and 2 only
front 102 The late effects of radiation are considered to have no threshold dose. be directly related to dose. occur within hours of exposure. A 1 only B 1 and 2 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2, and 3	back 102 B 1 and 2 only