front 1 polar covalent bonds | back 1 the electrons spend more time closer to oxygen than hydrogen |
front 2 polar molecule | back 2 overall charge is unevenly distributed |
front 3 cohesion | back 3 substance held together by hydrogen bonds |
front 4 adhesion | back 4 clinging of one substance to another |
front 5 surface tension | back 5 measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid |
front 6 kinetic energy | back 6 energy of motion |
front 7 heat | back 7 a form of energy |
front 8 temperature | back 8 a measure of heat intensity that represents the average kinetic energy of the molecules, regardless of volume |
front 9 calorie (cal) | back 9 the amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1oC |
front 10 joule (J) | back 10 one joule equals 0.239 cal; one cal equals 4.184 J |
front 11 specific heat | back 11 the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of water to change its temperature by 10C |
front 12 evaporative cooling | back 12 the hottest molecules, those with the greatest kinetic energy, are the most likely to leave as gas |
front 13 solution | back 13 a liquid that is a completely homogenous mixture of two or more substances |
front 14 solvent | back 14 the dissolving agent of a solution |
front 15 solute | back 15 the substance that is dissolved |
front 16 colloid | back 16 a stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid |
front 17 molecular mass | back 17 the sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule |
front 18 hydrocarbons | back 18 organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen |
front 19 isomers | back 19 compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties |
front 20 structural isomers | back 20 differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms |
front 21 cis-trans isomers | back 21 carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but these atoms differ in their spatial arrangements due to the inflexibility of double bonds |
front 22 enantiomers | back 22 isomers that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon, one that is attached to four different atoms/groups of atoms |
front 23 hydroxyl | back 23 -OH alcohols polar; can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds |
front 24 carbonyl | back 24 >CO Ketones: carbonyl group is within carbon skeleton Aldehydes: carbonyl group is at the end of carbon skeleton found in sugars; may be structural isomers |
front 25 carboxyl | back 25 -COOH acts as an acid - can donate H+ because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar |
front 26 amino | back 26 -NH2 Acts as a base |
front 27 sulfhydryl | back 27 -SH can form covalent bond and stabilize protein structure |
front 28 phosphate | back 28 -OPO3 2- have potential to react with water=energy contributes negative charge |
front 29 methyl | back 29 -CH3 addition to DNA affects expression of genes affect shape and function in sex hormones |
front 30 polymer | back 30 a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds |
front 31 monomers | back 31 repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer |
front 32 dehydration reaction | back 32 two molecules are covalently bonded to each other with the loss of a water molecule |
front 33 hydrolysis | back 33 reverse dehydration reaction |
front 34 carbohydrates | back 34 include sugars and polymers of sugars |
front 35 monosaccharide | back 35 have molecular formulas that are some multiple of the unit CH2O |
front 36 disaccharide | back 36 two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage |
front 37 glycosidic linkage | back 37 covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction |
front 38 polysaccharides | back 38 macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages |
front 39 starch | back 39 a polymer of glucose monomers |
front 40 glycogen | back 40 a polymer of glucose |
front 41 cellulose | back 41 structural polysaccharide; used in cell walls in plants |
front 42 chitin | back 42 structural polysaccharide; carbohydrate used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons |
front 43 lipids | back 43 mix poorly with water |
front 44 fat | back 44 constructed from glycerol and fatty acids |
front 45 fatty acid | back 45 has a long carbon skeleton (16-18 carbon atoms); carbon at one end is part of a carboxyl group (hence the acid) - rest is hydrocarbon chain |
front 46 triacylglycerol | back 46 three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule |
front 47 saturated fatty acid | back 47 no double bonds between carbon atoms in chain so as many hydrogen atoms as possible bond to the carbon skeleton most animal fats solid at room temperature |
front 48 unsaturated fatty acid | back 48 1+ double bonds with one fewer hydrogen atom on each double-bonded carbon plants and fish fats liquid at room temperature cis double bond prevents molecules from packing close together |
front 49 phospholipid | back 49 make up cell membranes |
front 50 steroids | back 50 lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings |
front 51 cholesterol | back 51 common component of animal cell membranes; precursor from which other steroids are synthesized |
front 52 polypeptides | back 52 polymers of amino acids |
front 53 protein | back 53 biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides, each folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional shape |
front 54 enzymatic protein | back 54 selective acceleration of chemical reactions |
front 55 defensive protein | back 55 protection against disease |
front 56 storage protein | back 56 storage of amino acids |
front 57 transport protein | back 57 transport of substances |
front 58 hormonal protein | back 58 coordination of an organism's activities |
front 59 receptor protein | back 59 response of cell to chemical stimuli |
front 60 contractile and motor protein | back 60 movement |
front 61 structural protein | back 61 support |
front 62 amino acid | back 62 organic molecule possessing both an amino group and a carboxyl group |
front 63 nonpolar side chains; hydrophobic amino acids (of protein) | back 63 glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, trytophan, proline |
front 64 polar side chains; hydrophilic (of proteins) | back 64 serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine, glutamine |
front 65 electrically charged side chains; hydrophilic (of proteins) | back 65 aspartic acid, glutamic acid (negative) lysine, arginine, histidine (basic/positive) |
front 66 peptide bond | back 66 when two amino acids are positioned so that the carboxyl group of one is adjacent to the amino group of the other, they become joined by a dehydration reaction, resulting in a covalent bond |
front 67 primary structure of protein | back 67 a linked series of amino acids with a unique sequence |
front 68 secondary structure of protein | back 68 result of hydrogen bonds between the repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone alpha helix beta pleated sheet |
front 69 tertiary structure of protein | back 69 the overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between the side chains of the various amino acids hydrophobic reaction contributes to tertiary structure disulfide bridges further reinforce the shape of a protein |
front 70 quaternary structure | back 70 overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of polypeptide subunits |
front 71 denaturation | back 71 misshapen protein - biologically inactive |
front 72 chaperonins | back 72 protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of other proteins |
front 73 nucleic acids | back 73 polymers made of monomers called nucleotides |
front 74 nucleotides | back 74 composed of nitrogenous base, five-carbon sugar (pentose), one or more phosphate groups |
front 75 pyrimidine | back 75 six-membered sing of carbon and nitrogen atoms cytosine (C, found in DNA and RNA, pairs with G), thymine (T, found only in DNA, pairs with A), uracil (U, found only in RNA) |
front 76 purine | back 76 six-member ring fused to five member ring adenine (A, found in DNA and RNA, pairs with T), guanine (G, found in DNA and RNA, pairs with C) |
front 77 deoxyribose | back 77 sugar found in DNA |
front 78 ribose | back 78 sugar found in RNA |