Campbell Biology: AP Biology Vocabulary Flashcards

the electrons spend more time closer to oxygen than hydrogen

overall charge is unevenly distributed

substance held together by hydrogen bonds

clinging of one substance to another

measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

energy of motion

a form of energy

a measure of heat intensity that represents the average kinetic energy of the molecules, regardless of volume

the amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1^oC

one joule equals 0.239 cal; one cal equals 4.184 J

the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of water to change its temperature by 1⁰C

the hottest molecules, those with the greatest kinetic energy, are the most likely to leave as gas

a liquid that is a completely homogenous mixture of two or more substances

the dissolving agent of a solution

the substance that is dissolved

a stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid

the sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule

organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties

differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms

carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but these atoms differ in their spatial arrangements due to the inflexibility of double bonds

isomers that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon, one that is attached to four different atoms/groups of atoms

-OH

alcohols

polar; can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds

>CO

Ketones: carbonyl group is within carbon skeleton

Aldehydes: carbonyl group is at the end of carbon skeleton

found in sugars; may be structural isomers

-COOH

acts as an acid - can donate H+ because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar

-NH₂

Acts as a base

-SH

can form covalent bond and stabilize protein structure

-OPO₃ ^2-

have potential to react with water=energy

contributes negative charge

-CH₃

addition to DNA affects expression of genes

affect shape and function in sex hormones

a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer

two molecules are covalently bonded to each other with the loss of a water molecule

reverse dehydration reaction

include sugars and polymers of sugars

have molecular formulas that are some multiple of the unit CH₂O

two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage

covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

a polymer of glucose monomers

a polymer of glucose

structural polysaccharide; used in cell walls in plants

structural polysaccharide; carbohydrate used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons

mix poorly with water

constructed from glycerol and fatty acids

has a long carbon skeleton (16-18 carbon atoms); carbon at one end is part of a carboxyl group (hence the acid) - rest is hydrocarbon chain

three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule

no double bonds between carbon atoms in chain so as many hydrogen atoms as possible bond to the carbon skeleton

most animal fats

solid at room temperature

1+ double bonds with one fewer hydrogen atom on each double-bonded carbon

plants and fish fats

liquid at room temperature

cis double bond prevents molecules from packing close together

make up cell membranes

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

common component of animal cell membranes; precursor from which other steroids are synthesized

polymers of amino acids

biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides, each folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional shape

selective acceleration of chemical reactions

protection against disease

storage of amino acids

transport of substances

coordination of an organism's activities

response of cell to chemical stimuli

movement

support

organic molecule possessing both an amino group and a carboxyl group

glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, trytophan, proline

serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine, glutamine

aspartic acid, glutamic acid (negative)

lysine, arginine, histidine (basic/positive)

when two amino acids are positioned so that the carboxyl group of one is adjacent to the amino group of the other, they become joined by a dehydration reaction, resulting in a covalent bond

a linked series of amino acids with a unique sequence

result of hydrogen bonds between the repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone

alpha helix

beta pleated sheet

the overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between the side chains of the various amino acids

hydrophobic reaction contributes to tertiary structure

disulfide bridges further reinforce the shape of a protein

overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of polypeptide subunits

misshapen protein - biologically inactive

protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of other proteins

polymers made of monomers called nucleotides

composed of nitrogenous base, five-carbon sugar (pentose), one or more phosphate groups

six-membered sing of carbon and nitrogen atoms

cytosine (C, found in DNA and RNA, pairs with G), thymine (T, found only in DNA, pairs with A), uracil (U, found only in RNA)

six-member ring fused to five member ring

adenine (A, found in DNA and RNA, pairs with T), guanine (G, found in DNA and RNA, pairs with C)

sugar found in DNA

sugar found in RNA