front 1 Anatomy and physiology are absolutely interrelated subjects in which... | back 1 Structures at all levels are defined and also used to understand the dynamic function of a living organism |
front 2 Specialized systems within the body support each other’s operation so that... | back 2 Complex responses are possible to a myriad of changing environmental conditions |
front 3 The skin provides protection and vitamin D for the skeletal system, which in turn... | back 3 Provides structural support, calcium storage, and blood cells for the skin |
front 4 The definition of anatomy | back 4 The study of structure and the relationships among structures |
front 5 Subdivisions of anatomy | back 5 Surface anatomy, gross anatomy, systemic anatomy, regional anatomy, radiographic anatomy, developmental anatomy, embryology, cytology, and pathological anatomy |
front 6 The definition of physiology | back 6 The study of how body structures function |
front 7 Subdivisions of physiology | back 7 Cell physiology, systems physiology, pathophysiology, exercise physiology, neurophysiology, endocrinology, cardiovascular physiology, immunophysiology, respiratory physiology, renal physiology, and reproductive physiology |
front 8 The human body consist of these several levels of structural organizations | back 8 Cells, Tissues, Organs, Systems, and Organism |
front 9 Cells | back 9 Basic structural and functional units of a living organism |
front 10 Tissues | back 10 Groups of similarly specialized cells and the substance surrounding them that usually arise from a common ancestor and perform certain special functions |
front 11 Organs | back 11 Structures of definite form that are composed of two or more different tissues and have specific functions |
front 12 Systems | back 12 Associations of organs that have a common function |
front 13 Human Organism | back 13 Collection of structurally and functionally integrated systems |
front 14 The systems of the human body | back 14 Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive |
front 15 Life processes in humans | back 15 Metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, and reproduction |
front 16 Metabolism | back 16 Sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body, including catabolism and anabolism Ex. Blood work |
front 17 Responsiveness | back 17 Ability to detect and respond to changes in the external or internal environment |
front 18 Movement | back 18 Motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, or even organelles inside cells |
front 19 Growth | back 19 Increase in size and complexity, due to an increase in the number of cells, size of cells, or both |
front 20 Differentiation | back 20 Change in a cell from an unspecialized state to a specialized state Ex. Cells come of of mitosis and do what they are specialized to do depending on the type of DNA |
front 21 Reproduction | back 21 The formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement (Mitosis), or to the production of a new individual |
front 22 The definition of homeostasis | back 22 Condition in which the body's internal environment remains within certain physiological limits |
front 23 Fluid outside body cells | back 23 Extracellular fluid (ECF) |
front 24 Extracellular fluid (EFC) is found in | back 24 Filling the narrow spaces between cells or in blood/lymphatic vessels |
front 25 Extracellular fluid (ECF) filling the narrow spaces between cells of tissue | back 25 Interstitial fluid, intercellular fluid, or tissue fluid |
front 26 Extracellular fluid (ECF) in blood vessels | back 26 Plasma |
front 27 Extracellular fluid (ECF) in lymphatic vessels | back 27 Lymph |
front 28 Fluid within cells | back 28 Intracellular fluid (ICF) |
front 29 Because extracellular fluid (ECF) is in constant motion throughout the body and also surrounds all body cells | back 29 Body's internal environment |
front 30 An organism is said to be in homeostasis when its internal environment: | back 30 Contains the optimum concentration of gases, nutrients, ions, and water; has an optimal temperature (100.4 oF), and has an optimal volume for the health of the cells |
front 31 Stress | back 31 Any external or internal stimulus that creates and imbalance in the internal environment |
front 32 If a stress acts on the body, homeostatic mechanisms attempt to | back 32 Counteract the effects of the stress and bring the condition back to normal |
front 33 Homeostasis is regulated by | back 33 The nervous and endocrine systems acting together or independently |
front 34 In order to regulate homeostasis, the nervous system | back 34 Detects body changes and sends nerve impulses to counteract the stress |
front 35 In order to regulate homeostasis, the endocrine system | back 35 Secretes hormones |
front 36 Nerve impulses cause _____ changes, while hormones work more _____. | back 36 Rapid; Slowly |
front 37 Feedback system (loop) | back 37 A cycle of events in which information about the status of a condition is continually monitored and fed back (reported) to a central control region |
front 38 Any stress that changes a controlled condition | back 38 Stimulus |
front 39 Three basic components in a feedback system | back 39 Control center, receptor, and effector |
front 40 Control center | back 40 Determines that point at which a controlled condition should be maintained |
front 41 Receptor | back 41 Monitors changes in the controlled condition and then sends the information, called the input, to the control center |
front 42 Effector | back 42 Receives information, called the output, from the control center and produces a response (effect) Will always include muscle response |
front 43 If a response reverses the original stimulus; Maintain conditions that require frequent monitoring and adjustment within physiological limits | back 43 The definition of negative feedback system (loop) |
front 44 If a response enhances the original stimulus; Regulate conditions that do not occur often and do not require continual fine-tuning | back 44 The definition of positive feedback system (loop) |
front 45 Example of negative feedback | back 45 Homeostasis of Blood Pressure |
front 46 Example of positive feedback | back 46 Labor contractions |
front 47 Disruptions of homeostasis can lead to | back 47 Disease or death |
front 48 Disease | back 48 Any change from a state of health, characterized by symptom or sign |
front 49 Local disease | back 49 One that affects one part or a limited area of the body |
front 50 Systemic disease | back 50 Affects either the entire body or several parts of the body |
front 51 Symptoms | back 51 Subjective changes in the body functions that are not apparent to an observer |
front 52 Signs | back 52 Objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure |
front 53 Examples of symptoms | back 53 Pain, nausea, sensitivity, dizziness, weakness |
front 54 Examples of signs | back 54 Discoloration, O2, HR, BP, fever, rash |
front 55 Diagnosis | back 55 Art of distinguishing one disease from another or determining the nature of a disease generally after taking of a medical history and the administration of a physical examination |
front 56 Use of anatomical position | back 56 Standardized method of observing or imagining the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical references |
front 57 Description of anatomical postition | back 57 The subject stands erect facing the observer, the upper extremities are places at the sides, the palms of the hands are turned forward, and the feet are flat on the floor |
front 58 Regional names | back 58 Terms given to specific regions of the body for reference |
front 59 Examples of regional names | back 59 Cranial (skull), thoracic (chest), bracial ( arm), patellar (knee), cephalic (head) and gluteal (buttock) |
front 60 Directional terms | back 60 Used to precisely locate one part of the body relative to another and to reduce length of explanations |
front 61 Examples of directional terms | back 61 Dorsal, superior, inferior, medial, and distal |
front 62 Planes | back 62 Imaginary flat surfaces that are used to divide the body or organs into definite areas |
front 63 Principal planes | back 63 Midsagittal (median) and parasagittal, frontal (coronal), and transverse (cross-sectional or horizontal) |
front 64 Sections | back 64 Flat surfaces resulting from cuts through body structures; named according to the plane on which the cut is made |
front 65 Body cavities | back 65 Spaces in the body that contain internal organs 6 ventral. 2 dorsal. |
front 66 Body cavities are separated by these structures | back 66 Muscles, bones, or ligaments |
front 67 The two principal body cavities | back 67 Dorsal and central cavities |
front 68 Dorsal cavity is subdivided into | back 68 The cranial cavity and the vertebral canal |
front 69 Cranial cavity contains | back 69 The brain |
front 70 Vertebral canal contains | back 70 The spinal cord and beginnings of spinal nerves |
front 71 The ventral cavity is subdivided by | back 71 The diaphragm into an upper thoracic cavity and a lower abdominopelvic cavity |
front 72 Thoracic cavity contains | back 72 Two pleural cavities and the mediastinum, which includes the pericardial cavity |
front 73 Pleural cavities _____ the lungs, while pericardial cavity _____ the heart | back 73 Enclose; surround |
front 74 Pleural and pericardual cavities are lined by | back 74 Serous membranes |
front 75 Mediastinum | back 75 Broad, median partition between the lungs that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column and contains all contents of the thoracic cavity except the lungs |
front 76 Abdominopelvic cavity | back 76 Divided into a superior abdominal and an inferior pelvic cavity |
front 77 Viscera of the abdominal cavity include | back 77 Stomach, spleen, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine |
front 78 Viscera of the pelvic cavity include | back 78 Urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and internal female and male reproductive structures |
front 79 The abdominopelvic cavity may divided into _____ regions by drawing ____ imaginary lines | back 79 Nine; four |
front 80 The abdominopelvic cavity may be divided into _____ by passing imaginary horizontal and vertical lines through the umbilicus | back 80 Quadrants |
front 81 Medical imaging | back 81 Essentional for diagnosis of many disorders |
front 82 Commonly used medical imaging techniques | back 82 Conventional radiography, computer tomography (CT) scanning, dynamic spatial reconstruction (DSR), digital subtraction angiography (DSA), fluoroscopy, positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound (US) |