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Exercise 27: Functional Anatomy of the Endocrine Glands

front 1

BOTH THE ENDOCRINE AND NERVOUS SYSTEMS ARE MAJOR REGULATING SYSTEMS OF THE BODY; HOWEVER, THE NERVOUS SYSTEM HAS BEEN COMPARED TO AN AIRMAIL DELIVERY SYSTEM AND THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM TO THE PONY EXPRESS. BRIEFLY EXPLAIN THIS COMPARISON.

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THE NERVOUS SYSTEM EMPLOYS ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPULSES TO BRING ABOUT RAPID CONTROL, WHEREAS THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM IS MORE SLOWLY ACTING WITH HORMONES.

front 2

DEFINE HORMONE.

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SUBSTANCE SECRETED BY ENDOCRINE TISSUES INTO THE BLOOD THAT ACTS ON THE TARGET TISSUE TO PRODUCE A SPECIFIC RESPONSE.

front 3

CHEMICALLY, HORMONES BELONG CHIEFLY TO TWO MOLECULAR GROUPS, THE__1__ AND THE __2__.

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1. STEROIDS
2. AMINO ACID-BASED

front 4

DEFINE TARGET ORGAN.

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ORGANS THAT RESPOND TO A PARTICULAR HORMONE.

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IF HORMONES TRAVEL IN THE BLOODSTREAM, WHY DONT ALL TISSUES RESPOND TO ALL HORMONES?

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ABILITY OF THE TARGET TISSUE TO RESPOND DEPENDS ON THE ABILITY OF THE HORMONE TO BIND WITH SPECIFIC RECEPTORS (PROTEINS) ON CELLS PLASMA MEMBRANE OR WITHIN THE CELL.

front 6

LOCATED IN THE THROAT; BILOBED GLAND CONNECTED BY AN ISTHMUS

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THYROID GLAND

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FOUND CLOSE TO THE KIDNEY

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ADRENAL GLANDS

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A MIXED GLAND, LOCATED CLOSE TO THE STOMACH AND SMALL INTESTINE

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PANCREAS

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PAIRED GLANDS SUSPENDED IN THE SCROTUM

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TESTES

front 10

RIDE "HORSEBACK" ON THE THYROID GLAND

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PARATHYROID GLAND

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FOUND IN THE PELVIC CAVITY OF THE FEMALE, CONCERNED WITH OVA AND FEMALE HORMONE PRODUCTION

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OVARY (F. GONADS)

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FOUND IN THE UPPER THORAX OVERLYING THE HEART; LARGE DURING YOUTH

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THYMUS

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FOUND IN THE ROOF OF THE THRID VENTRICLE

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PINEAL GLAND

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REGULATE THE FUNCTION OF ANOTHER ENDOCRINE GLAND

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HORMONE(S): FSH, LH, ACH, TSH
GLAND(S): ANTERIOR PITUITARY

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MAINTENANCE OF SALT AND WATER BALANCE IN THE EXTRACELLULAR FLUID

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HORMONE(S): ADH, ALDOSTERONE
GLAND(S): ADH- POSTERIOR PITUITARY, ALDOSTERONE- ADRENAL CORTEX

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DIRECTLY INVOLVED IN MILK PRODUCTION AND EJECTION

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HORMONE(S): PROLACTIN, OXYTOCIN
GLAND(S): PROLACTIN- ANTERIOR PITUITARY, OXYTOCIN - POSTERIOR PITUITARY

front 17

CONTROLS THE RATE OF BODY METABOLISM AND CELLULAR OXIDATION

back 17

HORMONE(S): T3/T4
GLAND(S): T3/T4- THYROID GLAND

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REGULATE BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS

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HORMONE(S): CALCITONIN, PTH
GLAND(S): CALCITONIN- THROID GLAND, PTH- PARATHYROID GLANDS

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REGULATE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS; PRODUCED BY THE SAME "MIXED" GLAND

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HORMONE(S): INSULIN, GLUCAGON
GLAND(S): PANCREAS

front 20

RELEASED IN RESPONSE TO STRESSORS

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HORMONE(S): CORTISOL, EPINEPHRINE
GLAND(S): CORTISOL- ADRENAL CORTEX, EPINEPHRINE- ADRENAL MEDULLA

front 21

DRIVE DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS IN MALES

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HORMONE(S): TESTOSTERONE
GLAND(S): TESTES

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DIRECTLY RESPONSIBLE FOR REGULATION OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE

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HORMONE(S): ESTROGENS, PROGESTERONE
GLAND(S): OVARIES

front 23

ALTHOUGH THE PITUITARY GLAND IS OFTEN REFERRED TO AS THE MASTER GLAND OF THE BODY, THE HYPOTHALAMUS EXERTS SOME CONTROL OVER THE PITUITARY GLAND. HOW DOES THE HYPOTHALAMUS CONTROL BOTH ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR PITUITARY FUNCTIONING?

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1. HYPOTHALAMUS CONTROLS ANTERIOR PIT. FUNCTIONING BY NEURO SECRETIONS. THESE HORMONES ARE LIBERATED INTO HYPOPHYSEAL PORTAL SYSTEM AND CARRIED TO CELLS OF ANT. PITUITARY (LOBE) WHERE THEY CONTROL THE RELEASE OF ANTERIOR PIT. HORMONES.
2. HYPOTHALAMUS CONTROLS POST. PITUITARY FUNCTIONING BY SENDING TWO HORMONES FOR STORAGE TO THE POST. PIT. (LOBE). HORMONES TRANSPORTED TO IT VIA THE AXONS OF NEURONS IN THE PARAVENTRICULAR AND SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEI OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS

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Ok, so you’re using my notecards which is great. I am glad I could help you out cause I wish I had someone to help me out when I took this course. I know Anatomy is super hard.

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I only ask that if you find these notecards helpful, you join Easy Notecards and create at least one notecard set to help others out. It can be for any subject or class. Thanks and don’t forget to rate my helpfulness!

front 25

ACTH IS STIMULATED BY

back 25

ANOTHER HORMONE

front 26

CALCITONIN IS STIMULATED BY

back 26

HUMORAL FACTORS (THE CONCENTRATION OF SPECIFIC NONHORMONAL SUBSTANCES IN THE BLOOD OR EXTRACELLULAR FLUID)

front 27

ESTROGENS ARE STIMULATED BY

back 27

ANOTHER HORMONE

front 28

INSULIN IS STIMULATED BY

back 28

HUMORAL FACTORS (THE CONCENTRATION OF SPECIFIC NONHORMONAL SUBSTANCES IN THE BLOOD OR EXTRACELLULAR FLUID)

front 29

NOREPINEPHRINE IS STIMULATED BY

back 29

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM (NEUROTRANSMITTERS, OR NEUROSECRETIONS)

front 30

PARATHYROID HORMONE IS STIMULATED BY

back 30

HUMORAL FACTORS (THE CONCENTRATION OF SPECIFIC NONHORMONAL SUBSTANCES IN THE BLOOD OR EXTRACELLULAR FLUID)

front 31

T3/T4 IS STIMULATED BY

back 31

ANOTHER HORMONE

front 32

TESTOSTERONE IS STIMULATED BY

back 32

ANOTHER HORMONE

front 33

TSH, FSH IS STIMULATED BY

back 33

ANOTHER HORMONE

front 34

NAME THE HORMONE(S) PRODUCED IN ANADEQUATE AMOUNTS THAT DIRECTLY RESULT IN THE FOLLOWING CONDITION: TETANY

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PTH - PARATHYROID HORMONE

front 35

NAME THE HORMONE(S) PRODUCED IN ANADEQUATE AMOUNTS THAT DIRECTLY RESULT IN THE FOLLOWING CONDITION: EXCESSIVE DIURESIS WITHOUT HIGH BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS

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ADH - ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE

front 36

NAME THE HORMONE(S) PRODUCED IN ANADEQUATE AMOUNTS THAT DIRECTLY RESULT IN THE FOLLOWING CONDITION: LOSS OF GLUCOSE IN THE URINE

back 36

INSULIN

front 37

NAME THE HORMONE(S) PRODUCED IN ANADEQUATE AMOUNTS THAT DIRECTLY RESULT IN THE FOLLOWING CONDITION: ABNORMALLY SMALL STATURE, NORMAL PROPORTIONS

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GH - GROWTH HORMONE

front 38

NAME THE HORMONE(S) PRODUCED IN ANADEQUATE AMOUNTS THAT DIRECTLY RESULT IN THE FOLLOWING CONDITION: LOW BMR, MENTAL AND PHYSICAL SLUGGISHNESS

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T4- THYROXINE, T3- TRIIODOTHYRONINE, THYROID HORMONES

front 39

NAME THE HORMONE(S) PRODUCED IN EXCESSIVE AMOUNTS THAT DIRECTLY RESULT IN THE FOLLOWING CONDITION: LARGE HANDS AND FEET IN ADULT, LARGE FACIAL BONES

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GH- GROWTH HORMONE

front 40

NAME THE HORMONE(S) PRODUCED IN EXCESSIVE AMOUNTS THAT DIRECTLY RESULT IN THE FOLLOWING CONDITION: NERVOUSNESS, IRREGULAR PULSE RATE, SWEATING

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T4/T3 - THYROID HORMONES

front 41

NAME THE HORMONE(S) PRODUCED IN EXCESSIVE AMOUNTS THAT DIRECTLY RESULT IN THE FOLLOWING CONDITION: DEMINERALIZATION OF BONES, SPONTANEOUS FRACTURES

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PTH- PARATHYROID HORMONE

front 42

PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS OF THE THYROID

back 42

CALCITONIN

front 43

FOLLICULAR EPITHELIAL CELLS OF THE THYROID

back 43

T4/T3

front 44

BETA CELLS OF THE PANCREATIC ISLETS (ISLETS OF LANGERHANS)

back 44

INSULIN

front 45

ALPHA CELLS OF THE PANCREATIC ISLETS (ISLETS OF LANGERHANS)

back 45

GLUCAGON

front 46

BASOPHIL CELLS OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY

back 46

TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH

front 47

ZONA FASCICULATA CELLS

back 47

GLUCOCORTICOIDS

front 48

ZONA GLOMERULOSA CELLS

back 48

MINERALOCORTICOIDS

front 49

CHIEF CELLS OF THE PARATHYROID

back 49

PTH

front 50

ACIDOPHIL CELLS OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY

back 50

GH, PROLACTIN

front 51

DIAGRAM OF THE MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURES OF THE ENDOCRINE GLAND ARE PRESENT HERE. IDENTIFY AND NAME ALL STRUCTURES INDICATED BY THE LEADER LINE OR BRACKET.

back 51

front 52

DIAGRAM OF THE MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURES OF THE ENDOCRINE GLAND ARE PRESENT HERE. IDENTIFY AND NAME ALL STRUCTURES INDICATED BY THE LEADER LINE OR BRACKET.

back 52

front 53

DIAGRAM OF THE MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURES OF THE ENDOCRINE GLAND ARE PRESENT HERE. IDENTIFY AND NAME ALL STRUCTURES INDICATED BY THE LEADER LINE OR BRACKET.

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front 54

DIAGRAM OF THE MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURES OF THE ENDOCRINE GLAND ARE PRESENT HERE. IDENTIFY AND NAME ALL STRUCTURES INDICATED BY THE LEADER LINE OR BRACKET.

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front 55

DIAGRAM OF THE MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURES OF THE ENDOCRINE GLAND ARE PRESENT HERE. IDENTIFY AND NAME ALL STRUCTURES INDICATED BY THE LEADER LINE OR BRACKET.

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front 56

DIAGRAM OF THE MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURES OF THE ENDOCRINE GLAND ARE PRESENT HERE. IDENTIFY AND NAME ALL STRUCTURES INDICATED BY THE LEADER LINE OR BRACKET.

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