BOTH THE ENDOCRINE AND NERVOUS SYSTEMS ARE MAJOR REGULATING SYSTEMS OF THE BODY; HOWEVER, THE NERVOUS SYSTEM HAS BEEN COMPARED TO AN AIRMAIL DELIVERY SYSTEM AND THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM TO THE PONY EXPRESS. BRIEFLY EXPLAIN THIS COMPARISON.
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM EMPLOYS ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPULSES TO BRING ABOUT RAPID CONTROL, WHEREAS THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM IS MORE SLOWLY ACTING WITH HORMONES.
DEFINE HORMONE.
SUBSTANCE SECRETED BY ENDOCRINE TISSUES INTO THE BLOOD THAT ACTS ON THE TARGET TISSUE TO PRODUCE A SPECIFIC RESPONSE.
CHEMICALLY, HORMONES BELONG CHIEFLY TO TWO MOLECULAR GROUPS, THE__1__ AND THE __2__.
1. STEROIDS
2. AMINO ACID-BASED
DEFINE TARGET ORGAN.
ORGANS THAT RESPOND TO A PARTICULAR HORMONE.
IF HORMONES TRAVEL IN THE BLOODSTREAM, WHY DONT ALL TISSUES RESPOND TO ALL HORMONES?
ABILITY OF THE TARGET TISSUE TO RESPOND DEPENDS ON THE ABILITY OF THE HORMONE TO BIND WITH SPECIFIC RECEPTORS (PROTEINS) ON CELLS PLASMA MEMBRANE OR WITHIN THE CELL.
LOCATED IN THE THROAT; BILOBED GLAND CONNECTED BY AN ISTHMUS
THYROID GLAND
FOUND CLOSE TO THE KIDNEY
ADRENAL GLANDS
A MIXED GLAND, LOCATED CLOSE TO THE STOMACH AND SMALL INTESTINE
PANCREAS
PAIRED GLANDS SUSPENDED IN THE SCROTUM
TESTES
RIDE "HORSEBACK" ON THE THYROID GLAND
PARATHYROID GLAND
FOUND IN THE PELVIC CAVITY OF THE FEMALE, CONCERNED WITH OVA AND FEMALE HORMONE PRODUCTION
OVARY (F. GONADS)
FOUND IN THE UPPER THORAX OVERLYING THE HEART; LARGE DURING YOUTH
THYMUS
FOUND IN THE ROOF OF THE THRID VENTRICLE
PINEAL GLAND
REGULATE THE FUNCTION OF ANOTHER ENDOCRINE GLAND
HORMONE(S): FSH, LH, ACH, TSH
GLAND(S): ANTERIOR PITUITARY
MAINTENANCE OF SALT AND WATER BALANCE IN THE EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
HORMONE(S): ADH, ALDOSTERONE
GLAND(S): ADH- POSTERIOR PITUITARY, ALDOSTERONE- ADRENAL CORTEX
DIRECTLY INVOLVED IN MILK PRODUCTION AND EJECTION
HORMONE(S): PROLACTIN, OXYTOCIN
GLAND(S): PROLACTIN- ANTERIOR PITUITARY, OXYTOCIN - POSTERIOR PITUITARY
CONTROLS THE RATE OF BODY METABOLISM AND CELLULAR OXIDATION
HORMONE(S): T3/T4
GLAND(S): T3/T4- THYROID GLAND
REGULATE BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS
HORMONE(S): CALCITONIN, PTH
GLAND(S): CALCITONIN- THROID GLAND, PTH- PARATHYROID GLANDS
REGULATE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS; PRODUCED BY THE SAME "MIXED" GLAND
HORMONE(S): INSULIN, GLUCAGON
GLAND(S): PANCREAS
RELEASED IN RESPONSE TO STRESSORS
HORMONE(S): CORTISOL, EPINEPHRINE
GLAND(S): CORTISOL- ADRENAL CORTEX, EPINEPHRINE- ADRENAL MEDULLA
DRIVE DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS IN MALES
HORMONE(S): TESTOSTERONE
GLAND(S): TESTES
DIRECTLY RESPONSIBLE FOR REGULATION OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
HORMONE(S): ESTROGENS, PROGESTERONE
GLAND(S): OVARIES
ALTHOUGH THE PITUITARY GLAND IS OFTEN REFERRED TO AS THE MASTER GLAND OF THE BODY, THE HYPOTHALAMUS EXERTS SOME CONTROL OVER THE PITUITARY GLAND. HOW DOES THE HYPOTHALAMUS CONTROL BOTH ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR PITUITARY FUNCTIONING?
1. HYPOTHALAMUS CONTROLS ANTERIOR PIT. FUNCTIONING BY NEURO SECRETIONS. THESE HORMONES ARE LIBERATED INTO HYPOPHYSEAL PORTAL SYSTEM AND CARRIED TO CELLS OF ANT. PITUITARY (LOBE) WHERE THEY CONTROL THE RELEASE OF ANTERIOR PIT. HORMONES.
2. HYPOTHALAMUS CONTROLS POST. PITUITARY FUNCTIONING BY SENDING TWO HORMONES FOR STORAGE TO THE POST. PIT. (LOBE). HORMONES TRANSPORTED TO IT VIA THE AXONS OF NEURONS IN THE PARAVENTRICULAR AND SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEI OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS
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ACTH IS STIMULATED BY
ANOTHER HORMONE
CALCITONIN IS STIMULATED BY
HUMORAL FACTORS (THE CONCENTRATION OF SPECIFIC NONHORMONAL SUBSTANCES IN THE BLOOD OR EXTRACELLULAR FLUID)
ESTROGENS ARE STIMULATED BY
ANOTHER HORMONE
INSULIN IS STIMULATED BY
HUMORAL FACTORS (THE CONCENTRATION OF SPECIFIC NONHORMONAL SUBSTANCES IN THE BLOOD OR EXTRACELLULAR FLUID)
NOREPINEPHRINE IS STIMULATED BY
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM (NEUROTRANSMITTERS, OR NEUROSECRETIONS)
PARATHYROID HORMONE IS STIMULATED BY
HUMORAL FACTORS (THE CONCENTRATION OF SPECIFIC NONHORMONAL SUBSTANCES IN THE BLOOD OR EXTRACELLULAR FLUID)
T3/T4 IS STIMULATED BY
ANOTHER HORMONE
TESTOSTERONE IS STIMULATED BY
ANOTHER HORMONE
TSH, FSH IS STIMULATED BY
ANOTHER HORMONE
NAME THE HORMONE(S) PRODUCED IN ANADEQUATE AMOUNTS THAT DIRECTLY RESULT IN THE FOLLOWING CONDITION: TETANY
PTH - PARATHYROID HORMONE
NAME THE HORMONE(S) PRODUCED IN ANADEQUATE AMOUNTS THAT DIRECTLY RESULT IN THE FOLLOWING CONDITION: EXCESSIVE DIURESIS WITHOUT HIGH BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS
ADH - ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE
NAME THE HORMONE(S) PRODUCED IN ANADEQUATE AMOUNTS THAT DIRECTLY RESULT IN THE FOLLOWING CONDITION: LOSS OF GLUCOSE IN THE URINE
INSULIN
NAME THE HORMONE(S) PRODUCED IN ANADEQUATE AMOUNTS THAT DIRECTLY RESULT IN THE FOLLOWING CONDITION: ABNORMALLY SMALL STATURE, NORMAL PROPORTIONS
GH - GROWTH HORMONE
NAME THE HORMONE(S) PRODUCED IN ANADEQUATE AMOUNTS THAT DIRECTLY RESULT IN THE FOLLOWING CONDITION: LOW BMR, MENTAL AND PHYSICAL SLUGGISHNESS
T4- THYROXINE, T3- TRIIODOTHYRONINE, THYROID HORMONES
NAME THE HORMONE(S) PRODUCED IN EXCESSIVE AMOUNTS THAT DIRECTLY RESULT IN THE FOLLOWING CONDITION: LARGE HANDS AND FEET IN ADULT, LARGE FACIAL BONES
GH- GROWTH HORMONE
NAME THE HORMONE(S) PRODUCED IN EXCESSIVE AMOUNTS THAT DIRECTLY RESULT IN THE FOLLOWING CONDITION: NERVOUSNESS, IRREGULAR PULSE RATE, SWEATING
T4/T3 - THYROID HORMONES
NAME THE HORMONE(S) PRODUCED IN EXCESSIVE AMOUNTS THAT DIRECTLY RESULT IN THE FOLLOWING CONDITION: DEMINERALIZATION OF BONES, SPONTANEOUS FRACTURES
PTH- PARATHYROID HORMONE
PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS OF THE THYROID
CALCITONIN
FOLLICULAR EPITHELIAL CELLS OF THE THYROID
T4/T3
BETA CELLS OF THE PANCREATIC ISLETS (ISLETS OF LANGERHANS)
INSULIN
ALPHA CELLS OF THE PANCREATIC ISLETS (ISLETS OF LANGERHANS)
GLUCAGON
BASOPHIL CELLS OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY
TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH
ZONA FASCICULATA CELLS
GLUCOCORTICOIDS
ZONA GLOMERULOSA CELLS
MINERALOCORTICOIDS
CHIEF CELLS OF THE PARATHYROID
PTH
ACIDOPHIL CELLS OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY
GH, PROLACTIN
DIAGRAM OF THE MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURES OF THE ENDOCRINE GLAND ARE PRESENT HERE. IDENTIFY AND NAME ALL STRUCTURES INDICATED BY THE LEADER LINE OR BRACKET.
DIAGRAM OF THE MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURES OF THE ENDOCRINE GLAND ARE PRESENT HERE. IDENTIFY AND NAME ALL STRUCTURES INDICATED BY THE LEADER LINE OR BRACKET.
DIAGRAM OF THE MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURES OF THE ENDOCRINE GLAND ARE PRESENT HERE. IDENTIFY AND NAME ALL STRUCTURES INDICATED BY THE LEADER LINE OR BRACKET.
DIAGRAM OF THE MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURES OF THE ENDOCRINE GLAND ARE PRESENT HERE. IDENTIFY AND NAME ALL STRUCTURES INDICATED BY THE LEADER LINE OR BRACKET.
DIAGRAM OF THE MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURES OF THE ENDOCRINE GLAND ARE PRESENT HERE. IDENTIFY AND NAME ALL STRUCTURES INDICATED BY THE LEADER LINE OR BRACKET.
DIAGRAM OF THE MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURES OF THE ENDOCRINE GLAND ARE PRESENT HERE. IDENTIFY AND NAME ALL STRUCTURES INDICATED BY THE LEADER LINE OR BRACKET.
