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Chapter 6
front 1 What is an orderly and permanent increase in the mass of protoplasm of an organism or population? | back 1 Growth |
front 2 What is "orderly" growth? | back 2 A proportionate increase in all constituents |
front 3 What is microbial growth? | back 3 An increase in the number of cells, not cell size |
front 4 What is an increase in the number of individuals and can be independent of growth? | back 4 Reproduction: cells may grow without reproducing or may reproduce without growth |
front 5 The lowest temperature where growth occurs? | back 5 Minimum temperature |
front 6 The best temperature where growth occurs? | back 6 Optimum temperature |
front 7 The highest temperature where growth occurs? | back 7 Maximum temperature |
front 8 Which organisms are "cold-loving" with a growth temperature of 0 to 20 degrees Celsius and an optimum growth at 15 degrees Celsius? | back 8 Psychrophiles |
front 9 What are mesophiles? | back 9 Organisms that are "middle-loving" and grow at 20 to 45 degrees Celsius and have optimum growth at 20 to 37 degrees Celsius. |
front 10 Which organisms are "heat-loving" and grow at 37 to 65 degrees Celsius? | back 10 Thermophiles |
front 11 Most bacteria grow in what range of pH? | back 11 6.5 to 7.5 (same as human levels) |
front 12 What is the optimum pH for acidophiles? | back 12 0 to 5.5 |
front 13 What is the optimum pH for basophiles? | back 13 8.5 to 11.5 |
front 14 What can cause organisms to change the culture media to toxic due to pH change? | back 14 Their own waste products (generally acidic) |
front 15 Which environment increases salt or sugar, cause plasmolysis? | back 15 Hypertonic |
front 16 Which type of halophiles REQUIRE high osmotic pressure? | back 16 Extreme or obligate halophiles |
front 17 Which type of halophiles TOLERATE high osmotic pressure? | back 17 Facultative |
front 18 What are the environmental factors impacting growth? | back 18 Temperature, pH, osmotic pressure and chemicals |
front 19 True or False: Obligate aerobes can live without oxygen. | back 19 False |
front 20 Facultative anaerobes can grow... | back 20 with or without oxygen |
front 21 Obligate anaerobes... | back 21 cannot live with oxygen |
front 22 Aerotolerant anaerobes... | back 22 tolerate oxygen |
front 23 Microaerophiles | back 23 need less oxygen and more carbon dioxide |
front 24 When oxygen becomes toxic an enzyme is needed to convert the very toxic, free radical to get rid of hydrogen peroxide. Explain which enzyme is used to remove peroxide | back 24 superoxide dismutase removes H2O2 to make H20 AND O2 catalase removes H2O2 to make 2 H20 AND O2 peroxidase removes H202 to make 2 H2O *PEROXISOME makes and gets rid of H2O2 |
front 25 What are the chemical requirements for growth? | back 25 Carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus |
front 26 Cells are what percentage water? | back 26 80 to 90% |
front 27 What are trace elements and name them? | back 27 Inorganic elements required in small amounts and usually enzyme cofactors - Iron, manganese, magnesium and vitamins |
front 28 What is an example of an autotroph? Why? | back 28 Plants - they use CO2 but they can make it for themselves |
front 29 What is a chemoheterotroph? | back 29 Organisms that use organic carbon sources; such as humans and fungi. |
front 30 Which chemicals can be limiting factors in growth? | back 30 Nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus (NSP to remember) |
front 31 Most organisms can produce more energy when growing in oxygen but what are the risks? | back 31 Toxic byproducts of oxygen can be fatal to cells |
front 32 What must aerobes, faculative anaerobes and aerotolerant have in order to deal with toxic byproducts? | back 32 superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase |
front 33 Obligate aerobes... | back 33 cannot live WITHOUT oxygen (O2) |
front 34 Faculative anaerobes... | back 34 Can live WITH orWITHOUT oxygen |
front 35 Obligate anaerobes... | back 35 cannot live WITH oxygen |
front 36 Aerotolerant anaerobes... | back 36 TOLERATE oxygen |
front 37 Microaerophiles... | back 37 Require oxygen but can only grow at low oxygen tension - they need less oxygen and more CO2 |
front 38 What are toxic forms of oxygen? | back 38 Singlet oxygen: O2 boosted to a higher-energy state, extremely reactive Superoxide free radicals: O2- (VERY TOXIC) Peroxide anion (O2)2- |
front 39 Which enzyme gets rid of superoxide free radicals? | back 39 superoxide dismutase |
front 40 Which enzyme(s) gets rid of peroxide anion? | back 40 catalase and peroxidase |
front 41 What is inoculum? | back 41 The introduction of microbes into a medium |
front 42 What is a culture? | back 42 Microbes growing in/on culture medium. |
front 43 What is a culture medium? | back 43 Nutrients prepared for microbial growth. |
front 44 What does sterile mean? | back 44 No living microbes |
front 45 What is a pure culture? | back 45 A culture coming from an isolated colony on a plate containing only one colony type |
front 46 In what type of culture are most microorganisms found? | back 46 mixed culture |
front 47 What is a synthetic or defined medium? | back 47 A medium made of known amounts of chemicals |
front 48 What is a complex medium? | back 48 A medium made of some ingredients are of unknown composition or amount (extracts of plants, yeast or meat). Examples would be: nutrient broth or tryptic soy broth |
front 49 What is agar? | back 49 A solidifying agent for culture media in Petri plates, slants and deeps. A complex polysaccharide made from red algae. It is generally not metabolized by microbes (microbes cannot degrade it so it remains solid). However, it liquefies at 100C and solidifies at -40C. |
front 50 What percentage of agar is used for a solid media? | back 50 1.5% |
front 51 What percentage of agar is used for a semi-solid media and why are semi-solid media used? | back 51 0.5% and it is used for motility studies |
front 52 What percentage of agar is used for liquid media? | back 52 0 (no agar) |
front 53 What is blood agar? | back 53 a differential medium containing red blood cells |
front 54 What is MacConkey agar? | back 54 a specialized bacterial growth medium that is selective for Gram-negative bacteria and can differentiate those Gram- bacteria that are able to ferment lactose. |
front 55 What is a selective medium? | back 55 A medium that encourages the growth of certain organisms while discouraging the growth of others |
front 56 What is a differential medium? | back 56 A medium that distinguishes between different groups of bacteria |
front 57 What is generation time? | back 57 The time required for cells to divide (and thus double the population), can be as short as 20 minutes or longer than a day. |
front 58 If a single bacterium reproduced every 30 minutes, how many would there be in 2 hours? | back 58 16 1_2_4_8_16 |
front 59  What are the phases of the growth curve? | back 59 1. Lag 2. Log 3. Stationary 4. Death |
front 60 Describe the lag phase. | back 60 The period of little or no cell division but the cells are not dormant. There is intense metabolic activity involving synthesis of enzymes and various molecules. |
front 61 What is the log phase? | back 61 Or the exponential growth phase, cellular reproduction is most active and the generation time reaches a constant minimum |
front 62 Describe the stationary phase. | back 62 Eventually, the growth rate slows, the number of microbial deaths balances the number of new cells and the population stabilizes - a period of equilibrium. |
front 63 What is the death phase? | back 63 When the number of deaths exceeds the number of new cells formed and continues until the population is diminished to a tiny fraction of the number of cells in the previous phase or until the population dies out entirely. |
front 64 What are direct methods of measuring growth? | back 64 Plate counts (serial dilution; filtration, MPN (most probable number; statistical method); direct microscopic count |
front 65 What are indirect methods of measuring growth? | back 65 Increase in turbidity with time metabolic products dry weight |
front 66 What is the main difference between direct and indirect measurements of growth? | back 66 In direct we only measure live bacteria |