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Prenatal Development and Birth

front 1 Typical Prenatal Development	back 1 begins with fertilization and ends with birth takes between 266 to 280 days (38 to 40 weeks) divided into three periods: germinal embryonic fetal
front 2 The Germinal Period	back 2 takes place in the first two weeks after conception includes the creation of the fertilized egg (called a zygote), cell division, and the attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall
front 3 Blastocyst	back 3 the inner layer of cells that develops during the germinal period these cells later develop into the embryo
front 4 Trophoblast	back 4 the outer layer of cells that develops in the germinal period these cells provide nutrition and support the embryo

front 5 Implantation	back 5 the attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall takes place 11 to 15 days after conception
front 6 The Embryonic Period	back 6 the period of prenatal development that occurs from two to eight weeks after conception begins as the blastocyst attached to the uterine wall the rate of cell differentiation intensifies support system for cells form organs appear three layers of cells: endoderm mesoderm ectoderm
front 7 Embryo	back 7 mass of cells
front 8 Endoderm	back 8 inner layer of cells will develop into the digestive and respiratory systems

front 9 Mesodem	back 9 middle layer of cells will develop into the circulatory system, bones, muscles, excretory and reproductive system
front 10 Ectoderm	back 10 outermost layer of cells will become the nervous system and brain, sensory receptors and skin parts
front 11 Amnion	back 11 the life support system bag-like contains a clear fluid (amniotic fluid) in which the developing embryo floats
front 12 Amniotic Fluid	back 12 provides an environment that is temperature and humidity controlled shook proof

front 13 Umbilical Cord	back 13 a life support system contains 2 arteries and one vein connects the baby to the placenta
front 14 Placenta	back 14 life support system consists of disk-shaped group of tissues in which small vessels from the mother and offspring interwine
front 15 Organogenesis	back 15 organ formation takes place during the first two months of prenatal development organs are especially vulnerable during this time third week after conception = neural tube that eventually becomes spinal cord forms about 21 days: eyes begin to appear 24 days: the cells of the heart begin to differentiate
front 16 Fetal Period	back 16 lasts about seven months prenatal period between 2 months after conception to birth

front 17 The Brain & Prenatal Development	back 17 neurons handle information processing at the cellular level in the brain babies have approx 100 billion neurons by the time they are born the third trimester of prenatal development and the first 2 years of postnatal life are characterized by connectivity and functioning of neurons
front 18 Neurons	back 18 nerve cells, which handle information processing at the cellular level in the brain
front 19 Nervous System & Prenatal Development	back 19 the nervous system begins forming as a long, hollow tube located in the embryos back forms about 18 to 24 days after conception
front 20 Anencephaly	back 20 the highest regions of the brain fail to develop or when head end of the neural tube fails to close baby dies in the womb, during childbirth or shortly after birth

front 21 Spina Bifida	back 21 results in varying degrees of paralysis of the lower limbs usually needs assistive devices: such as crutches, braces, or wheelchairs risk factors: maternal diabetes and obesity preventive measures: mother take adequate amounts of vitamin B folic acid
front 22 Neurogenesis	back 22 the generation of new neurons
front 23 Neuronal Migration	back 23 involves cells moving from their point of origin to their appropriate location occurs at approx. 6 to 24 weeks Once a cell has migrated to its target destination, it must mature and develop a more complex structure
front 24 Teratogen	back 24 any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively affect cognitive and behavioral outcomes Ex: food drugs chemical toxins

front 25 Teratogen Influence	back 25 Dose the greater the dose of an agent the greater the effect Gene Susceptibility the type or severity of abnormalities caused by a teratogen is linked to both the genotype of the pregnant mother and fetus/embryo Time of Exposure exposure to teratogens does more damage when it occurs at some points int development that at others
front 26 Critical Period	back 26 a fixed time period very early in development during which certain experiences or events can have a long-lasting effecting on development
front 27 Teratology	back 27 field of study that investigates the causes of birth defects
front 28 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder	back 28 a cluster of abnormalities that appear in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy Abnormalities facial deformities defective limbs, face, and heart learning problems

front 29 Normal Gestational Weight Gain	back 29 11 to 20 pounds
front 30 Prenatal Care	back 30 involves a defined schedule of visits for medical care includes: screening for manageable conditions & treatable diseases (that can affect the baby or mother) comprehensive educational, social, and nutritional services exercise regularly helps prevent constipation conditions the body reduces excessive weight gain positive mental state
front 31 Stages of Birth	back 31 (first stage) uterine contractions are 15 to 20 minutes apart and last up to a minute these contractions cause the woman's cervix to stretch and open at the end of the first birth stage, contractions dilate the cervix to an opening of about 10 cm (4 in)...so baby can move from the uterus to the birth canal lasts an average of 6 to 12 hours (second stage) begins when the baby's head starts to move through the cervix and the birth canal typically lasts 45 mins to 1 hr (third stage) afterbirth the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled lasts only a few minutes
front 32 Childbirth Setting & Attendants	back 32 in the US 99% of births take place in hospitals Midwife a person qualified to deliver babies and to care for women before, during, and after childbirth Doula a caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth

front 33 Midwife	back 33 a person qualified to deliver babies and to care for women before, during, and after childbirth
front 34 Doula	back 34 a caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth
front 35 Methods of Childbirth	back 35 Medication Natural and Prepared Childbirth Cesarean Delivery
front 36 Medication (methods of childbirth)	back 36 Analgesia used to relieve pain Anesthesia used in late first stage of labor blocks sensation in an area of the body or block consciousness epidural block regional anesthesia that numbs the woman's body from the waist down Oxytocin a synthetic hormone used to stimulate contractions pitocin (example)

front 37 Natural Childbirth	back 37 method that aims to reduce the mother's pain by decreasing her fear done through education about childbirth teaching breathing methods and relaxation techniques during delivery
front 38 Prepared Childbirth	back 38 special breathing technique to control pushing in the final stages of labor detailed anatomy and physiology course
front 39 Cesarean Delivery	back 39 surgical procedure in which the baby is removed from the mother's uterus through an incision made in her abdomen
front 40 Breech Position	back 40 the baby's position in the uterus causes the buttocks to be the first part to emerge from the vagina

front 41 Apgar Scale	back 41 scale used assess the health of newborns at one and five minutes after birth evaluates an infants heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability total score of 7 - 10 indicates that the newborn is in good condition
front 42 Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)	back 42 a measure that is used in the first month of life to assess the newborn's neurological development, reflexes, and reactions to people and objects
front 43 Low Birth Weight Infants	back 43 weigh less than 5½
front 44 Preterm Infants	back 44 infants born before the completion of 37 weeks of gestation

front 45 Small for Date Infants	back 45 infants whose birth weights are below normal when the length of pregnancy is considered
front 46 Nurturing Low-Weight and Preterm Infants	back 46 kangaroo care massage therapy
front 47 Kangaroo Care	back 47 involves skin to skin contact between baby and mother 2 to 3 hours per day helps to stabilize the preterm infant's heartbeat, temperature, and breathing
front 48 Postpartum Period	back 48 the period after childbirth when the mother adjusts both physically and psychologically, to the process of childbirth

front 49 Physical (postpartum adjustments)	back 49 fatigue hormonal changes
front 50 Emotional & Psychological (postpartum adjustments)	back 50 Postpartum Depression major depression episode typically occurs about 4 wks after delivery strong feelings of sadness, anxiety, or despair