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72 notecards = 18 pages (4 cards per page)

Viewing:

Urinary System

front 1

Three Functions of the Urinary System

back 1

  1. Excretion
  2. Elimination
  3. Homeostatic
    Regulation

front 2

Excretion

back 2

  • the removal of organic wastes from body fluids

front 3

Elimination

back 3

  • Discharge of waste products into the environment

front 4

Homeostatic Regulation

back 4

  • Of blood plasma volume and solute concentration

front 5

Organs of the Urinary System

back 5

  • kidneys (2)
  • ureters (2)
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra

front 6

Kidneys (2)

back 6

  • perform the excretory functions of the urinary system
  • produces urine located on either side of the vertebral
    column
  • left kidney lies slightly superior to the right kidney
    because of liver

front 7

Urine

back 7

  • fluid that contains ions, water, and small soluble
    compunds

front 8

Urinary Tract

back 8

  • organs that eliminate urine
    1. ureters (2)
    2. Urinary Bladder
    3. Urethra

front 9

Ureters

back 9

paired tubes

front 10

Urinary Bladder

back 10

muscular sac for temporary storage of urine

front 11

Urethra

back 11

exit tube

front 12

Urination

back 12

  • process of eliminating urine
  • the muscular urinary
    bladder contracts and forces urine through the urethra

front 13

Homeostatic Functions of the Urinary System

back 13

  • Regulates blood volume & blood pressure
    • by adjusting the volume of water lost in urine
      releases erythropoietin and renin
  • Regulates plasma concentrations of sodium, potassium, and
    chloride
    • by controlling quantities lost in
      urine the kidneys
    • also control calcium ion levels through
      the synthesis of calcitriol
  • Helps stabilize blood pH
    • by controlling
      loss of hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions in urine

  • Conserves valuable nutrients
    • by preventing
      their loss in urine while removing organic wastes
    • especially (nitrogenous wastes) urea and uric acid
  • Assists the liver in detoxifying
    poisons

front 14

The left kidney lies slightly ___________ to the right kidney.

back 14

superior

front 15

The superior surface of each kidney is capped by an ______ ______.

back 15

adrenal gland

front 16

Three Concentric Layers of Connective Tissue that Protect &
Stabilize Each Kidney

back 16

  1. Fibrous Capsule
  2. Perinephric Fat
  3. Renal
    Fascia

front 17

Fibrous Capsule

back 17

layer of collagen fibers covers outer surface of the
entire organ

front 18

Perinephric Fat

back 18

thick layer of adipose tissue that surrounds the fibrous
capsule

front 19

Renal Fascia

back 19

a dense, fibrous outer layer that anchors the kidney to
surrounding structures

front 20

Typical Adult Kidney

back 20

  • reddish brown
  • 10 cm long
  • 5.5 cm wide
  • 3 cm thick
  • weighs about 150 g

front 21

Hilum

back 21

  • medial indentation point of entry for the renal artery
    and renal nerves
  • point of exit for renal vein and
    ureter

front 22

Renal Sinus

back 22

an internal cavity within the kidney lined by fibrous
renal capsule

front 23

Renal Cortex

back 23

  • superficial portion of the kidney, in contact with the renal
    capsule
  • reddish-brown and granular

front 24

Renal Medulla

back 24

consists of 6 to 18 triangular structures

front 25

Renal Pyramids

back 25

  • 6 to 18 distinct triangular structures in renal medulla
  • base abuts cortex tip (renal papilla projects into
    renal sinus

front 26

Renal Columns

back 26

  • bands of cortical tissue separates adjacent renal pyramids
    extend into medulla granular tissue

front 27

Renal Lobe

back 27

  • consists of:
    • renal pyramid overlying area of
      renal cortex
    • adjacent tissues of renal columns
    • produces urine

front 28

Urine is produced in the ____ _____.

back 28

kidney lobes

front 29

Renal Papilla

back 29

ducts discharge urine into minor calyx

front 30

Minor Calyx

back 30

cup shaped drain

front 31

Major Calyx

back 31

formed by four or five minor calyces

front 32

Renal Pelvis

back 32

  • formed by 2 or 3 major calyces
  • funnel shaped chamber
  • fills most of the renal sinus
  • connected to
    ureters, which drains kidneys

front 33

Nephrons

back 33

  • microscopic, tubular structures in cortex of each renal love
  • where urine production begins

front 34

Blood Supply to Kidneys

back 34

  • kidneys receive 20-25% of the total cardiac output
  • 1200 mL of blood flow through the kidneys each minute

front 35

Kidney receives blood through the _______ _______.

back 35

renal artery

front 36

Segmental Arteries

back 36

  • recieves blood from the renal artery
  • divides into interlobular arteries

front 37

Interlobular Arteries

back 37

  • radiate outward through the renal columns between the renal pyramids
  • supply blood to the arcuate arteries

front 38

Arcuate Arteries

back 38

  • arch along the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney

front 39

Afferent Arterioles

back 39

  • delivers blood to the capillaries supplying individual nephrons

front 40

Cortical Radiate Veins/Interlobular Veins

back 40

  • deliver blood to the arcuate veins
  • empty into interlobar veins

front 41

Interlobar Veins

back 41

  • drain directly into renal vein

front 42

Renal Nerves

back 42

  • innervate the kidneys and ureters
  • enters each kidney at the hilum
  • follows the branches of the renal arteries to reach individual nephrons

front 43

Sympathetic Innervation

back 43

  1. Adjusts rates of urine formation
    • by changing blood flow and blood pressure at the nephron
  2. Stimulates the release of renin
    • which restricts water and salt loss in urine by stimulation reabsorption by the nephron

front 44

The Nephron

back 44

  • consists of:
    1. renal tubule
    2. renal corpuscle

front 45

Renal Corpuscle

back 45

  • a spherical structure consisting of:
    1. glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
      • cup shaped chamber
    2. glomerulus
      • a capillary network
  • squamous cells

front 46

Glomerular (Bowman's) Capsule

back 46

  • cup shaped chamber

front 47

Renal Tubule

back 47

  • begins at renal corpuscle
  • long tubular passageway

front 48

Glomerulus

back 48

  • consists of 50 intertwined capillaries
  • projects into the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
  • blood leaves the glomerulus in an efferent arteriole

front 49

Efferent Arteriole

back 49

  • flows into a network of capillaries called peritubular capillaries
  • drain into small venules that return blood to the venous system

front 50

The process of filtration takes place in the _______ ________.

back 50

renal corpuscle

front 51

Blood Pressure

back 51

  • forces water and dissolved solutes out of the glomerular capillaries into capsular space

front 52

Filtration

back 52

  • takes place in the renal corpuscle
  • produces protein free solution (aka filtrate)
    • similar to blood plasma

front 53

Filtrate

back 53

  • protein-free solution (similar to blood plasma)
  • moves from renal corpuscle to renal tubule

front 54

Three Functions of the Renal Tubule

back 54

  1. Reabsorb useful organic nutrients that enter filtrate
  2. Reabsorb more than 90% of water that enter filtrate
  3. Secrete waste products that failed to enter renal corpuscle through filtration at glomerulus

front 55

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

back 55

  • reabsorption of water, ions, and all organic matter
  • cuboidal cells with abundant microvilli

front 56

Distal Convoluted Tubule

back 56

  • secretion of ions, acids, drugs, and toxins
  • variable reabsorption of water, sodium ions, and calcium ions
  • cuboidal cells with few microvilli

front 57

Descending Limb of Loop of Henle

back 57

  • further reabsorption of water
  • squamous cells

front 58

Ascending Limb of Loop of Henle

back 58

  • reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions
  • low cuboidal cells

front 59

As the filtrate travels along the renal tubule, it is now called ______ _____.

back 59

tubular fluid

front 60

Collecting System

back 60

  • series of tubes that carry tubular fluid away from the nephron
    1. collecting ducts
    2. papillary ducts

front 61

Each nephron empties into the __________ _________.

back 61

collecting system

front 62

Collecting Ducts

back 62

  • receives fluid from many nephrons
  • carried fluid to papillary ducts that drain into a minor calyx
  • cuboidal to columnar cells
  • reabsorption of water, sodium ions

front 63

Papillary Ducts

back 63

  • columnar cells
  • conducts tubular fluid to minor calyx

front 64

Cortical Nephrons

back 64

  • 85% of all nephrons
  • located mostly in superficial cortex of kidney
  • nephron loop is short
  • efferent arteriole delievers blood to a network of peritubular capillaries

front 65

Juxtamedullary Nephrons

back 65

  • 15% of nephrons
  • long nephron loops that extend deep into the medulla
  • peritubular capillaries are connected to the vasa recta

front 66

Vasa Recta

back 66

  • long straight capillaries that parallel the nephron loop

front 67

The Nephron Loop (Loop of Henle)

back 67

  1. descending limb
    • fluid flows toward the renal pelvis
  2. ascending limb
    1. fluid flows toward the renal cortex

front 68

The Juxtaglomerular Complex

back 68

  • an endocrine structure that secretes:
    1. hormone erythropoietin
    2. enzyme renin
  • formed by:
    1. macula densa
    2. juxtaglomerular cells

front 69

Macula Densa

back 69

  • epithelial cells of DCT
  • near renal corpuscle
  • tall cells with densely clustered nuclei

front 70

The of Urine Production

back 70

  • maintain homeostasis
    • by regulating volume and composition of blood
    • including excretion of metabolic waste products

front 71

Three Organic Waste Products

back 71

  1. Urea
  2. Creatinine
  3. Uric Acid

front 72

Organic Waste Products

back 72

  • dissolved in bloodstream
  • are eliminated only while dissolved in urine
  • removal is accompanies by water loss