Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology: Urinary System Flashcards

1. Excretion
2. Elimination
3. Homeostatic
   Regulation

• the removal of organic wastes from body fluids

• Discharge of waste products into the environment

• Of blood plasma volume and solute concentration

• kidneys (2)
• ureters (2)
• urinary bladder
• urethra

• perform the excretory functions of the urinary system
• produces urine located on either side of the vertebral
  column
• left kidney lies slightly superior to the right kidney
  because of liver

• fluid that contains ions, water, and small soluble
  compunds

• organs that eliminate urine
  
  1. ureters (2)
  2. Urinary Bladder
  3. Urethra

paired tubes

muscular sac for temporary storage of urine

exit tube

• process of eliminating urine
• the muscular urinary
  bladder contracts and forces urine through the urethra

• Regulates blood volume & blood pressure
  
  • by adjusting the volume of water lost in urine
    releases erythropoietin and renin
• Regulates plasma concentrations of sodium, potassium, and
  chloride
  • by controlling quantities lost in
    urine the kidneys
  • also control calcium ion levels through
    the synthesis of calcitriol
• Helps stabilize blood pH
  • by controlling
    loss of hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions in urine
    
    
• Conserves valuable nutrients
  • by preventing
    their loss in urine while removing organic wastes
  • especially (nitrogenous wastes) urea and uric acid
• Assists the liver in detoxifying
  poisons

superior

adrenal gland

1. Fibrous Capsule
2. Perinephric Fat
3. Renal
   Fascia

layer of collagen fibers covers outer surface of the
entire organ

thick layer of adipose tissue that surrounds the fibrous
capsule

a dense, fibrous outer layer that anchors the kidney to
surrounding structures

• reddish brown
• 10 cm long
• 5.5 cm wide
• 3 cm thick
• weighs about 150 g

• medial indentation point of entry for the renal artery
  and renal nerves

• point of exit for renal vein and
  ureter

an internal cavity within the kidney lined by fibrous
renal capsule

• superficial portion of the kidney, in contact with the renal
  capsule
• reddish-brown and granular

consists of 6 to 18 triangular structures

• 6 to 18 distinct triangular structures in renal medulla
• base abuts cortex tip (renal papilla projects into
  renal sinus

• bands of cortical tissue separates adjacent renal pyramids
  extend into medulla granular tissue

• consists of:
  • renal pyramid overlying area of
    renal cortex
  • adjacent tissues of renal columns
  • produces urine

kidney lobes

ducts discharge urine into minor calyx

cup shaped drain

formed by four or five minor calyces

• formed by 2 or 3 major calyces
• funnel shaped chamber
• fills most of the renal sinus
• connected to
  ureters, which drains kidneys

• microscopic, tubular structures in cortex of each renal love
• where urine production begins

• kidneys receive 20-25% of the total cardiac output
• 1200 mL of blood flow through the kidneys each minute

renal artery

• recieves blood from the renal artery
• divides into interlobular arteries

• radiate outward through the renal columns between the renal pyramids
• supply blood to the arcuate arteries

• arch along the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney

• delivers blood to the capillaries supplying individual nephrons

• deliver blood to the arcuate veins
• empty into interlobar veins

• drain directly into renal vein

• innervate the kidneys and ureters
• enters each kidney at the hilum
• follows the branches of the renal arteries to reach individual nephrons

1. Adjusts rates of urine formation
   • by changing blood flow and blood pressure at the nephron
2. Stimulates the release of renin
   • which restricts water and salt loss in urine by stimulation reabsorption by the nephron

• consists of:
  1. renal tubule
  2. renal corpuscle

• a spherical structure consisting of:
  1. glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
     • cup shaped chamber
  2. glomerulus
     • a capillary network
• squamous cells

• cup shaped chamber

• begins at renal corpuscle
• long tubular passageway

• consists of 50 intertwined capillaries
• projects into the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
• blood leaves the glomerulus in an efferent arteriole

• flows into a network of capillaries called peritubular capillaries
• drain into small venules that return blood to the venous system

renal corpuscle

• forces water and dissolved solutes out of the glomerular capillaries into capsular space

• takes place in the renal corpuscle
• produces protein free solution (aka filtrate)
  • similar to blood plasma

• protein-free solution (similar to blood plasma)
• moves from renal corpuscle to renal tubule

1. Reabsorb useful organic nutrients that enter filtrate
2. Reabsorb more than 90% of water that enter filtrate
3. Secrete waste products that failed to enter renal corpuscle through filtration at glomerulus

• reabsorption of water, ions, and all organic matter
• cuboidal cells with abundant microvilli

• secretion of ions, acids, drugs, and toxins
• variable reabsorption of water, sodium ions, and calcium ions
• cuboidal cells with few microvilli

• further reabsorption of water
• squamous cells

• reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions
• low cuboidal cells

tubular fluid

• series of tubes that carry tubular fluid away from the nephron
  1. collecting ducts
  2. papillary ducts

collecting system

• receives fluid from many nephrons
• carried fluid to papillary ducts that drain into a minor calyx
• cuboidal to columnar cells
• reabsorption of water, sodium ions

• columnar cells
• conducts tubular fluid to minor calyx

• 85% of all nephrons
• located mostly in superficial cortex of kidney
• nephron loop is short
• efferent arteriole delievers blood to a network of peritubular capillaries

• 15% of nephrons
• long nephron loops that extend deep into the medulla
• peritubular capillaries are connected to the vasa recta

• long straight capillaries that parallel the nephron loop

1. descending limb
   • fluid flows toward the renal pelvis
2. ascending limb
   1. fluid flows toward the renal cortex

• an endocrine structure that secretes:
  1. hormone erythropoietin
  2. enzyme renin
• formed by:
  1. macula densa
  2. juxtaglomerular cells

• epithelial cells of DCT
• near renal corpuscle
• tall cells with densely clustered nuclei

• maintain homeostasis
  • by regulating volume and composition of blood
  • including excretion of metabolic waste products

1. Urea
2. Creatinine
3. Uric Acid

• dissolved in bloodstream
• are eliminated only while dissolved in urine
• removal is accompanies by water loss