Epiphyseal plate

Osteoclasts out-pace osteoblasts due to low hormone production of the ovaries.

Bones are porous and thin but bone composition is normal.

Osteoporosis

Bone formed is poorly mineralized and soft. Deforms on weight bearing.

Osteomalacia

Abnormal bone formation and reabsorption.

Paget's disease

Which of the following glands or organs produces hormones that tend to decrease blood calcium levels?

thyroid

Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process?

osteoclast

What is absolutely required for bone growth or healing from a fracture?

osteoblasts

An incomplete fracture or cracking of the bone without actual separation of the parts.
Common in children.

Greenstick

Bone fragments into many pieces.

Comminuted

Common sports fracture resulting from a twisting force.

Spiral

All bones stop growing by the end of adolescence

False

Osteogenesis is the process of ________.

bone formation

In the epiphyseal plate, cartilage grows ________.

by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis

For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary?

An ossification center forms in the fibrous connective tissue.

Bones are classified by whether they are weight bearing or protective in function.

False

Cells that can dissolve the bony matrix

Osteoclasts

Layers of bone matrix

Lamellae

Small channels that radiate through the matrix of bone

Canaliculi

Cells that can build bony matrix

Osteoblasts

Which of the following is a bone marking name that indicates an armlike bar of bone?

ramus

The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand tension stress?

compact bone

Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of ________.

fat

A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the ________.

diaphysis

What is the structural unit of compact bone?

the osteon

The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by dense connective tissue called ________.

perforating (Sharpey's) fibers

The term osteoid refers to the organic part of the matrix of compact bones.

True

An osteon contains osteocytes, lamellae, and a central canal, and is found in compact bone only

True

Which of the following is the single most important stimulus for epiphyseal plate activity during infancy and childhood?

growth hormone

The process of bones increasing in width is known as ________.

appositional growth

What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo?

hyaline cartilage

What can a deficiency of growth hormone during bone formation cause?

decreased proliferation of the epiphyseal plate cartilage

Lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through ________.

interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates

After having a severe cold accompanied by nasal congestion, Jamila complained that she had a headache just above her eyes and that the right side of her face ached. What specific bony structures probably became infected by the bacteria or viruses causing the cold?

The frontal sinus located in the frontal bone, and the right maxillary sinus located in the right maxilla

The ethmoid bone is composed of all of the following except the _______

inferior nasal concha

The suture that connects the two parietal bones together is the ________.

sagittal

Which bone acts as a moveable base for the tongue?

hyoid bone

What is the major function of the axial skeleton?

provide central support for the body and protect internal organs

The membranous areas between the cranial bones of the fetal skull are called ________.

fontanelles

Body weight is carried primarily by the talus and calcaneus.

True

The fibula is the major weight-bearing bone of the leg.

False

The ischium articulates with both the ilium and the pubis.

True

The pelvic girdle does not include the ________.

femur

Which forms the largest portion of the coxal bone?

ilium

In the anatomical position, the lateral forearm bone is the radius

True

Which bone contains areas of diaphysis and epiphysis areas, a tuberosity near its middle, and is proportionally more compact than spongy bone?

humerus

The layman's name for the scapula is the collarbone.

False

The term vertebrochondral ribs refers to ribs that attach to each other before they attach to the sternum

True

Costal cartilages join most ribs to the sternum.

True

All vertebrae possess a body, a spine, and transverse foramina.

False

Lordosis only occurs in pregnant women.

False

There are seven cervical, twelve thoracic, and five lumbar vertebrae.

True

Which of the following is not a movement that can occur between vertebrae?

supination

How are thoracic vertebrae 11 and 12 different from the other vertebrae?

The transverse processes do not have facets that articulate with the tubercles of the ribs

Thoracic vertebrae differ from the other vertebrae in that they have ________.

costal facets

Which part of the vertebral column receives the most stress by bearing most of the weight of the body?

the lumbar region

What is the major function of the intervertebral discs?

absorb shock

Which of the following is an abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column often seen in the thoracic region?

scoliosis

Which vertebra does not have a body?

atlas

Which part of the ethmoid bone forms the superior part of the nasal septum?

perpendicular plate

The superior orbital fissure is formed in the sphenoid bone, whereas the inferior orbital fissure is formed between the sphenoid and ________.

maxilla

Which bone forms the prominence of the cheek?

zygomatic bone

All of the bones of the adult skull, except the mandible, are united by sutures and are therefore immovable.

True

The vomer forms part of the nasal septum

True

The largest and strongest bone of the face is the maxilla.

False

The temporal bone connects to the zygomatic bone via the temporal process of the temporal bone.

False

Articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are ________

amphiarthroses

In the classification of joints, which of the following is true?

All synovial joints are freely movable

The amount of movement permitted by a particular joint is the basis for the functional classification of joints.

True

All joints permit some degree of movement, even if very slight.

False

A fibrous joint that is a peg-in-socket is called a ________ joint.

gomphosis

Fibrous joints are classified as ________.

sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses

A joint united by dense fibrocartilaginous tissue that usually permits a slight degree of movement is a ________.

symphysis

Symphyses are synarthrotic joints designed for strength with flexibility.

False

Connective tissue sacs lined with synovial membranes that act as cushions in places where friction develops are called ________.

bursae

The gliding motion of the wrist uses ________ joints.

plane

A nurse is instructing the patient care assistants (PCAs) on transfer techniques. For patients needing to be slid toward the head of the bed, the nurse tells the PCAs use a draw sheet under the patient's torso. She tells them to avoid pulling on their hands or arms. Based on your knowledge of the shoulder joint, explain why pulling on the extremities should be avoided.

In the shoulder joint, stability has been sacrificed to provide the most freely moving joint of the body. The shoulder joint is a ball-and-socket joint. Shoulder dislocations are fairly common, therefore forces that are not under the patient's control should be avoided.

Pronation is a much stronger movement than supination

False

Moving a limb so that it describes a cone in space is called circumduction.

True

Supination is the movement of the forearm in which the palm of the hand is turned from posterior to anterior..

True

Presence of a synovial cavity, articular cartilage, synovial membrane, and ligaments are characteristics of what type of joint?

hinge joint

Which of the following movements does not increase or decrease the angle between bones?

rotation

Which of the following are cartilaginous joints?

Synchondroses

Maggie is a 28-year-old Caucasian woman who has newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis (RA). She complains of painful, stiff hands and feet, feeling tired all the time, and reports an intermittent low-grade fever. She asks the nurse if she is going to be "crippled." How should the nurse respond?

RA is a chronic, systemic, inflammatory disorder. Inflammation occurs in the joint, and the fluid that accumulates causes swelling, stiffness, impairment of joint movement, and extreme pain.

A person who has been diagnosed with a sprained ankle has an injury to the ligaments that attach to that joint.

True

Bending of the tip of the finger exhibits flexion.

True

Synovial fluid contains phagocytic cells that protect the cavity from invasion by microbes or other debris

True

Pronation is a much stronger movement than supination

False

Moving a limb so that it describes a cone in space is called circumduction.

True

Bending your head back until it hurts is an example of ________

hyperextension

Synovial fluid is present in joint cavities of freely movable joints. Which of the following statements is true about this fluid?

It contains hyaluronic acid.

What is moving a limb away from the median plane of the body along the frontal plane called?

abduction

The hip joint is a good example of a(n) ________ synovial joint.

multiaxial

Compared to the shoulder, displacements of the hip joints are ________.

rare because of the ligament reinforcement

Football players often sustain lateral blows to the extended knee. Which of the ligaments is (are) damaged as a result?

medial collateral, medial meniscus, and anterior cruciate

Tendon sheaths ________.

act as friction-reducing structures

Which of the following is not a part of the synovial joint?

tendon sheath

The only movement allowed between the first two cervical vertebrae is flexion.

False

Movement at the hip joint does not have as wide a range of motion as at the shoulder joint

True

Flexion of the ankle so that the superior aspect of the foot approaches the shin is called dorsiflexion.

True

Farhad begins typing his term paper on his new computer early one morning. After 8 hours of typing, he notices that his wrists are stiff and very sore. The next morning, Farhad begins to finish his paper, but soon finds his wrists hurt worse than last night. What is wrong?

Farhad is suffering from tendonitis. If he continues to use the keyboard incorrectly, the
tendonitis could develop into a very serious condition called carpal tunnel syndrome.