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Chapter 4 Connective Tissues

front 1

True or False
Connective tissues are the most abundant and widely distributed of the primary tissues.

back 1

True

front 2

True or False
The amount of connective tissue in each organ is the same.

back 2

False
the amount varies

front 3

True or False
Skin is primarily connective tissue, but the brain is very little.

back 3

True

front 4

What are the four main classes of connective tissue?

back 4

1. Connective Tissue Proper
2. Cartilage
3. Bone
4. Blood

front 5

The connective tissue does more than connect, it also is responsible for:

back 5

1. Binding and supporting
2. Protecting
3. Insulating
4. Storing Reserve Fuel
5. Transporting

front 6

Connective tissues share three things that set them apart from primary tissue:

back 6

1. Common Origin - all connective tissue arise from MESENCHYME
2. Degrees of Vascularity - supply of blood vessels
3. Extracellular matrix - the primary tissue is composed of cells. Connective tissue is composed of extracellular matrix, which makes them stronger

front 7

What is Mesenchyme?

back 7

Embryonic Tissue

front 8

What are the three main structural elements of connective tissue?

back 8

1. Ground substances
2. Fibers
3. Cells

front 9

Ground substance + Fibers = __________

back 9

Extracellular matrix

front 10

True or False
Connective tissues can be soft and used as packing material for organs.

back 10

True

front 11

True or False
Connective tissue can be tough and ropelike, like tendons and ligaments.

back 11

True

front 12

True or False
No two types of connective tissue have a common structural plan.

back 12

False
they all do

front 13

What is unstructured material that fills the space between the cells and contains the fibers?

back 13

Ground substance

front 14

A ground substance is composed of:

back 14

1. Interstitial fluid
2. Cell adhesion proteins
3. Proteoglycans

front 15

_______________, such as fibronectin and laminin serve mainly as a connective tissue glue that connects the connective tissue cells to the matrix elements.

back 15

Cell adhesion proteins

front 16

__________ is the protein core where capital GAG's are attatched.

back 16

Proteoglycans

front 17

What are the large negatively charged polysaccharides that stick out from the core protein like a brush?

back 17

GAG's

front 18

The ________ the GAG content, the ________ viscous the ground substances.

back 18

Higher...
More

front 19

The __________ of connective tissues provides support.

back 19

Fibers

front 20

Three types of fibers in the matrix:

back 20

1. Collagen
2. Elastic
3. Reticular

front 21

Contains a rubberlike protein called elastin, which allows them to stretch and recoil.

back 21

Elastic

front 22

Extremely strong, stronger than steel fibers.

back 22

Collagen

front 23

True or False
Elastic fibers allow the collagen fibers to stretch.

back 23

False
the collagen fibers do not stretch, elastic fibers can only stretch until the collagen fibers get pulled tight.

front 24

What fibers are useful in lungs, skin, and blood vessel walls?

back 24

Elastic

front 25

What forms a lot of delicate networks that surround small blood vessels and support the soft tissue of organs?

back 25

Reticular fibers

front 26

The major class of connective tissue has a resident cell type that exists in ________ and ________ forms.

back 26

Immature
Mature

front 27

Immature cells are indicated by the suffix __________.

back 27

Blast

front 28

________ are actively mytotic cells that secrete the ground substance and the fibers for their particular matrix.

back 28

Immature cells

front 29

The primary blast cell types by connective tissue class are:
1. Connective tissue proper; ________
2. Cartilage; ________
3. Bone; ________
4. Blood; ________

back 29

1. Fibroblast
2. Chondroblast
3. Osteoblast
4. Hematopoieic stem cells

front 30

Once they synthesize the matrix, the blast cells assume their __________ mode.

back 30

Mature

front 31

Immature cells are indicated by the suffix __________.

back 31

Cyte

front 32

________ maintains the health of the matrix.

back 32

Mature cells

front 33

Connective tissue is home to an assortment of other cell types, such as;

back 33

1. Fat cells
2. White blood cells
3. Mast cells
4. Macrophages

front 34

Chemicals that mediate inflammation, especially in severe allergies are ________, ________, and ________.

back 34

1. Heparin
2. Histamine
3. Proteases

front 35

All classes of connective tissue consist of living cells surrounded by a ________.

back 35

Matrix

front 36

Connective tissue proper has two sub-classes. What are they?

back 36

1. Loose connective tissues
2. Dense connective tissues

front 37

All mature connective tissues are connective tissue proper except ________, ________, and ________.

back 37

1. Bone
2. Cartilage
3. Blood

front 38

What are the three forms of loose connective tissues?

back 38

1. Areolar
2. Adipose
3. Reticular

front 39

The three forms of dense connective tissues are:

back 39

1. Dense regular
2. Dense irregular
3. Elastic

front 40

Supporting and binding other tissues
Holding body fluids
Defending against infection
Storing nutrients as fat

These are all functions of the ________ connective tissue.

back 40

Areolar
(loose)

front 41

________ are flat branching cells that appear spindle shaped in profile.

back 41

Fibroblasts

front 42

When a body region is inflamed the areola sucks up extra fluid and the affected area swells and becomes puffy. This is called ________.

back 42

Edema

front 43

The most widely distributed connective tissue in the body is the ________.

back 43

Areolar

front 44

________ is similar to areolar connective tissues, but it's nutrient storing ability is greater.

back 44

Adipose

front 45

True or False
Water accounts for 90% of an adipose tissue's mass.

back 45

False
Adipocytes account for 90%

front 46

Adipose tissue can be called white adipose tissue, or ________
or brown adipose tissue, or ________.

back 46

White Fat...
Brown Fat

front 47

White fat stores ________.
Brown fat is used to ________ the body.

back 47

Nutrients...
Warm

front 48

________ resembles areolar connective tissue, but it only contains reticular fibers.

back 48

Reticular Connective Tissue

front 49

________ cells are scattered along fibroblasts.

back 49

Reticular

front 50

Reticular tissues form a labrynth-like ________ or internal framework.

back 50

Stroma

front 51

The three varieties of dense connective tissue are:

back 51

1. Dense regular
2. Dense irregular
3. Elastic

front 52

Dense connective tissues are often called ________ connective tissues.

back 52

Fibrous

front 53

________ contains densely packed bundles of collagen fibers running in the same direction.

back 53

Dense regular connective tissues

front 54

True or False
Collagen fibers are straight and can be stretched out.

back 54

False
Collagen fibers are slightly wavy, which allows for a little stretch, but once the fibers are straightned, there is no further give.

front 55

Cords that attach muscles to bones are called ________ which are formed by ________.

back 55

Tendons...
Dense regular connective tissues

front 56

Flat, sheet-like tendons are called ________.

back 56

Aponeuroses

front 57

________ bind bones together at joints.

back 57

Ligaments

front 58

Tendons aponeuroses and ligaments are formed from ________ connective tissues.

back 58

Dense regular

front 59

Dense regular connective tissues also form ________ which is a fibrous membrane that wraps around muscles, blood vessels, and nerves, binding them together like plastic sandwich wrap.

back 59

Fascia

front 60

________ has the same structural elements as the regular variety, but the bundles of collagen fibers are much thicker and are arranged irregularly.

back 60

Dense irregular connective tissue

front 61

Dense irregular connective tissue is found in the skin as the leathery ________.

back 61

Dermis

front 62

Very stretchy dense regular connective tissue is called ________ connective tissue.

back 62

Elastic

front 63

________ stands up to both tension and compression and has qualities between dense connective tissue and bone.

back 63

Cartilage

front 64

Cartilage lacks ________ and is avascular.

back 64

Nerve fibers

front 65

Avascular means it receives its nutrients by __________.

back 65

Diffusion from blood vessels

front 66

True or False
Cartilage is up to 80% water.

back 66

True

front 67

What produces new matrix until the skeleton stops growing at the end of adolescence?

back 67

Condroblasts

front 68

Mature cartilage cells are called:

back 68

Condrocytes

front 69

Cavities where condrocytes are found in groups are called ________.

back 69

Lacunae

front 70

True or False
Cartilage has the ability to heal quickly.

back 70

False
They heal slowly because aging cartilage cells lose their ability to divide.

front 71

What happens if cartilage calcifies or ossifies?

back 71

The condrocytes are poorly nourished and die.

front 72

What are the three varieties of cartilage?

back 72

1. Hyaline
2. Elastic
3. Fibrocartilage

front 73

What is the most abundant cartilage in the body?

back 73

Hyaline

front 74

What covers the ends of long bones?

back 74

Hyaline

front 75

During childhood, hyaline cartilage consists as ________, actively growing regions near the ends of long bones.

back 75

Epiphyseal plates

front 76

________ cartilage is almost identical to hyaline cartilage but has more elastic fibers.

back 76

Elastic

front 77

Structurally, ________ is between hyaline cartilage and dense regular connective tissue.

back 77

Fibrocartilage

front 78

Bone is also called ________ tissue.

back 78

Osseous

front 79

Bones of the skeleton provide cavities for storing ________ and synthesizing ________.

back 79

Fat...
Blood cells

front 80

__________ is what makes bones stronger than cartilage.

back 80

Inorganic calcium salts

front 81

________ produced the organic portion of the matrix, and then bone salts are deposited on and between the fibers.

back 81

Osteoblasts

front 82

Mature bone cells, or ________, reside in the lacunae.

back 82

Osteocytes

front 83

Closely packed structural units are called ________, formed of concentric rings of bony matrix surrounding central canals containing the blood vessels and nerves serving the bone.

back 83

Osteons

front 84

What is the fluid within blood vessels?

back 84

Blood

front 85

What is the most atypical connective tissue?

back 85

Blood

front 86

True or False
Blood connects blood vessel walls to blood cells.

back 86

False
blood does not connect anything

front 87

Why is blood classified as a connective tissue?

back 87

It's used for transporting substances.
It develops from mesenchyme and consists of blood cells surrounded by a nonliving fluid matrix called blood plasma.

front 88

True or False
The majority of blood cells are red blood cells.

back 88

True

front 89

The fibers of blood are ________ protein molecules.

back 89

Soluble