front 1 Lymphatic System | back 1 network of vessels and various lymphoid tissues and organs scattered throughout body |
front 2 Major Components of the Lymphatic System | back 2 1. Lymph
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front 3 Lymph | back 3 Protein-containing interstitial fluid/extra cellular fluid that has entered the lymphatic vessels |
front 4 Lymphatic Vessels | back 4 System of drainage vessels that collects excess protein-containing interstitial fluid & returns to blood stream |
front 5 Lymphatic/Lymphoid Tissues | back 5 Aggregates of lymphocytes (white blood cells) and macrophages interspersed throughout the body |
front 6 Lymphoid Follicles | back 6 Densely-packed reticular elements & cells |
front 7 Lymphoid Organs | back 7 Produce and/or house immune system cells (lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils, others) |
front 8 Functions of Lymphatic Systems | back 8 1. Fluid Recovery
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front 9 Fluid Recovery | back 9 Returns fluid filtered from blood capillaries to blood stream |
front 10 Immune System Function | back 10 Houses immune system cells that monitor body fluids for foreign or abnormal substances |
front 11 Lipid Absorption | back 11 Special lymph vessels absorb lipids from digest system |
front 12 Lymphatic Ducts | back 12 Receive lymph from covering lymphatic trunks |
front 13 Right Lymphatic Duct | back 13 Drains lymph from upper arm, right side of head, right thorax and empties into right subclavian vein |
front 14 Thoracic Duct | back 14 Drains lymph from rest of body and empties into left subclavian vein |
front 15 Lymphoid Tissue | back 15 Provides residence and sit of proliferation for lymphocytes and allows immune surveillance of infusing lymph by lymphocytes and macrophages |
front 16 Tonsils | back 16 In pharyngeal region; have crypts to trap and survey incoming material |
front 17 Thymus | back 17 In thorax, most active during youth; strinks to fibrous mass in adults and maturation of lymphocytes |
front 18 Spleen | back 18 Curves around left side of stomach; red blood cell graveyard and fetal red blood cell production |
front 19 Peyer's Patches & Appendix | back 19 Limit/control bacterial growth |
front 20 What are the two intrinsic defense systems to provide immunity? | back 20 Innate (Nonspecific) Defense System & Adaptive (Specific) Defense System |
front 21 Innate Defense System | back 21 Defense against all foreign substances. |
front 22 Adaptive Defense System | back 22 Mounts defensive responses specific against specific foreign substances. Takes Longer to enact but has memory. |
front 23 Innate & Adaptive Defense System | back 23 Both worth independently and together to protect body from infectious microorganisms, cancer cells, transplanted organs, mismatched blood. |
front 24 Surface Barriers | back 24 Skin & Mucosea. Physical barriers to keep pathogens out of body. Secretions of these barriers also resist pathogens:
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front 25 Internal Defenses | back 25 Cells, Inflammation, Antimicrobial Proteins, Fever. |
front 26 Phagocytes | back 26 Cells that engulf and digest foreign particles. Macrophages and Neutrophils |
front 27 Macrophages | back 27 "Big Eaters" derived from monocytes |
front 28 Phagocytosis | back 28 Mechanism of engulfment of large foreign particle. Key is initial adherence/recognition/binding. Enhanced by opsinization. |
front 29 Opinization | back 29 Coating with marker (i.e. antibody) |
front 30 Steps of Phagocytosis | back 30 1. Phagocyte adheres to microbe.
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front 31 Natural Killer Cells | back 31 Subset of lymphocytes. Contact cells and check their identity, lyse and kill cancer cells or virus-infected cells, and induce apoptosis in target cells. |
front 32 Eosinophils | back 32 Release killing substance from cytoplasmic granules onto invading parasites (worms). |
front 33 Inflammation | back 33 Tissue response to injury or infection. Caused by blow, heat, chemicals, bacteria, virus, fungi, allergic reaction. |
front 34 4 Signs of Inflammation | back 34 Redness, heat, swelling, & pain |
front 35 Inflammatory Chemical Release | back 35 Inflammatory process begins with the release of inflammatory chemicals: cytokines, histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, complement. |
front 36 Local Vasodilation | back 36 Fluid, antibodies, clotting factors leak from nearby capillaries and forms a gel-like mesh to limit spread of infection. |
front 37 Phagocyte Mobilization | back 37 White blood cells attracted to place of infection |
front 38 Phagocyte Mobilization Process | back 38 1. Leukocytosis
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front 39 Leukocytosis | back 39 Injured cells release factors that cause neutrophils to be released from bone marrow into blood. |
front 40 Margination | back 40 In inflamed area, endothelial cells of blood vessels display cell adhesion molecule (CAMs) on surface. Bind to complementary CAMs on neutrophils. Neutrophils cling to vessel walls here. |
front 41 Diapedesis | back 41 Neutrophils squeeze through capillary or venule wall out into inflamed tissue |
front 42 Chemotaxis | back 42 Neutrophils continue to follow source of chemical signal to sites of infection to phagocytose foreign sustances and cellular debris. |
front 43 Fever | back 43 Increase body temperature in response to pyrogens secreted by white blood cells and macrophages exposed to foreign substances |
front 44 Fevers increases metabolism which ________. | back 44 Speeds healing |
front 45 Fevers causes liver & spleen to sequester iron & zinc which _____. | back 45 Prevents bacteria from growing |
front 46 General Characteristics of Adaptive Immune Defenses | back 46 Specificity, Systemic, & Memory |
front 47 Specificity | back 47 Recognizes and responds against particular pathogens or foreign substances |
front 48 Systemic | back 48 Immunity not restricted to infection site only |
front 49 Memory | back 49 After initial exposure, adpative defense system mounts quicker, stronger attacks on previously-encountered pathogens. |
front 50 What are the major arms of adaptive immune defenses? | back 50 Humoral and cellular immunity |
front 51 Humoral Immunity | back 51 antibody-based that binds to foreign substances |
front 52 Cellular Immunity | back 52 White blood cells themselves attack foreign invaders |
front 53 Antigens | back 53 Substances that provoke an immune response; provoke antibody production. |
front 54 What can act as an antigen? | back 54 Almost any foreign molecule, especially proteins. |
front 55 Clonal Selection and Differentiation of B cells | back 55 Proliferation/ Clone formation -> plasma cells & memory cells |
front 56 Humoral Responses | back 56 Immunological Memory; Primary & Secondary Responses |
front 57 Primary Response | back 57 Clonal Selection and differentiation upon first exposure to particular antigen
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front 58 Secondary Response | back 58 Re-exposure to same antigen that stimulates more memory cells.
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front 59 Antibody Actions | back 59 Neutralization, precipitation, opsinization, complement fixation |
front 60 Neutralization | back 60 Antibodies binds/masks dangerous parts of a molecule. Antigens lose toxic properties. |
front 61 Precipitation | back 61 Antigen become insoluable |
front 62 Opsinization | back 62 Alters antigen cell membranes so cells are more susceptible to phagocytosis |
front 63 Complement Fixation | back 63 Help activate complement (20 proteins) that establish membrane attack complex (MAC) |
front 64 Cell-mediated Immune Response | back 64 Essential for when pathogens (virus) invades host cells (not accessible to antibodies) |
front 65 T cells | back 65 Carry out cellular-mediated immunity |
front 66 What are the two major types of T cells. | back 66 Helper T Cells & Cytotoxic T Cells |
front 67 Helper T Cells | back 67 Have CD4 glycoprotein receptors |
front 68 Cytotoxic T Cells | back 68 Killer T Cells & Have CD8 glycoprotein receptors |
front 69 Contact killing involves _________. | back 69 Perforin & Granzyme |
front 70 Perforin | back 70 Protein that establishes water pores in target cell. Swelling & bursting. |
front 71 Granzyme | back 71 Protease that enters target cell via pores. Degrades protein inside. |
front 72 Apoptosis | back 72 Programmed cell death |
front 73 Immunodeficiencies | back 73 Abnormal behavior of immune cells, phagocytes, or complement protein complex. Can be congenital or acquired. |
front 74 SCID | back 74 Genetic defects producing deficit of B cells and T cells. Little or no protection against disease-causing organism. |
front 75 Hodgkins Lymphoma | back 75 Cancer of B cells; symptoms of swollen lymph glands |
front 76 AIDS | back 76 caused by HIV, which kills Helper T cells; impairs immune system. Virus has high mutation rate, very difficult to treat/combat, and uses a reverse transcriptase to produce DNA from its own RNA code, which then gets incorporated into host cell genome to produce more virus. |
front 77 Autoimmune Disease | back 77 Immune system fails to distinguish self from nonself and attacks own body cells |
front 78 Multiple Sclerosis | back 78 Destroys white matter in brain and spinal cord- attacking myelin sheath |
front 79 Rheumatoid Arthritis | back 79 Destroys joints |
front 80 Hypersensitivities | back 80 Immune system causes tissue damage as it fights perceived threat, usually harmless to body |