Human Anatomy & Physiology: Lymphatics and Immune System Flashcards

network of vessels and various lymphoid tissues and organs scattered throughout body

1. Lymph
2. Lymphatic Vessels
3. Lymphatic/Lymphoid Tissues
4. Lymphoid Organs

Protein-containing interstitial fluid/extra cellular fluid that has entered the lymphatic vessels

System of drainage vessels that collects excess protein-containing interstitial fluid & returns to blood stream

Aggregates of lymphocytes (white blood cells) and macrophages interspersed throughout the body

Densely-packed reticular elements & cells

Produce and/or house immune system cells (lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils, others)

1. Fluid Recovery
2. Immune System Function
3. Lipid Absorption

Returns fluid filtered from blood capillaries to blood stream

Houses immune system cells that monitor body fluids for foreign or abnormal substances

Special lymph vessels absorb lipids from digest system

Receive lymph from covering lymphatic trunks

Drains lymph from upper arm, right side of head, right thorax and empties into right subclavian vein

Drains lymph from rest of body and empties into left subclavian vein

Provides residence and sit of proliferation for lymphocytes and allows immune surveillance of infusing lymph by lymphocytes and macrophages

In pharyngeal region; have crypts to trap and survey incoming material

In thorax, most active during youth; strinks to fibrous mass in adults and maturation of lymphocytes

Curves around left side of stomach; red blood cell graveyard and fetal red blood cell production

Limit/control bacterial growth

Innate (Nonspecific) Defense System & Adaptive (Specific) Defense System

Defense against all foreign substances.

Mounts defensive responses specific against specific foreign substances. Takes Longer to enact but has memory.

Both worth independently and together to protect body from infectious microorganisms, cancer cells, transplanted organs, mismatched blood.

Skin & Mucosea. Physical barriers to keep pathogens out of body. Secretions of these barriers also resist pathogens:
1. acidity of secretions of skin, vagina
2. HCl and digestive enzymes of stomach mucosa
3. Lysozyme of saliva and tears
4. Mucous and defensin proteins of mucosae

Cells, Inflammation, Antimicrobial Proteins, Fever.

Cells that engulf and digest foreign particles. Macrophages and Neutrophils

"Big Eaters" derived from monocytes

Mechanism of engulfment of large foreign particle. Key is initial adherence/recognition/binding. Enhanced by opsinization.

Coating with marker (i.e. antibody)

1. Phagocyte adheres to microbe.
2. Phagocyte forms pseudopods that eventually engulf the particle.
3. Phagocytic vesicle is fused with a lysosome.
4. Microbe in fused vesicle is killed and digested by lysosomal enzymes within the phagolysosome, leaving residual body.
5. Indigestible and residual material is removed by exocytosis.

Subset of lymphocytes. Contact cells and check their identity, lyse and kill cancer cells or virus-infected cells, and induce apoptosis in target cells.

Release killing substance from cytoplasmic granules onto invading parasites (worms).

Tissue response to injury or infection. Caused by blow, heat, chemicals, bacteria, virus, fungi, allergic reaction.

Redness, heat, swelling, & pain

Inflammatory process begins with the release of inflammatory chemicals: cytokines, histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, complement.

Fluid, antibodies, clotting factors leak from nearby capillaries and forms a gel-like mesh to limit spread of infection.

White blood cells attracted to place of infection

1. Leukocytosis
2. Margination
3. Diapedsis
4. Chemotaxis

Injured cells release factors that cause neutrophils to be released from bone marrow into blood.

In inflamed area, endothelial cells of blood vessels display cell adhesion molecule (CAMs) on surface. Bind to complementary CAMs on neutrophils. Neutrophils cling to vessel walls here.

Neutrophils squeeze through capillary or venule wall out into inflamed tissue

Neutrophils continue to follow source of chemical signal to sites of infection to phagocytose foreign sustances and cellular debris.

Increase body temperature in response to pyrogens secreted by white blood cells and macrophages exposed to foreign substances

Speeds healing

Prevents bacteria from growing

Specificity, Systemic, & Memory

Recognizes and responds against particular pathogens or foreign substances

Immunity not restricted to infection site only

After initial exposure, adpative defense system mounts quicker, stronger attacks on previously-encountered pathogens.

Humoral and cellular immunity

antibody-based that binds to foreign substances

White blood cells themselves attack foreign invaders

Substances that provoke an immune response; provoke antibody production.

Almost any foreign molecule, especially proteins.

Proliferation/ Clone formation -> plasma cells & memory cells

Immunological Memory; Primary & Secondary Responses

Clonal Selection and differentiation upon first exposure to particular antigen
-usually lag of 3-6 days (few B cells multiply & differentiate to plasma cells)
-Antibody level peak at about day 10 then decline
-sets up immunological memory

Re-exposure to same antigen that stimulates more memory cells.
-faster, stronger, prolonged, more effective
-Antibody levels remain high weeks-months

Neutralization, precipitation, opsinization, complement fixation

Antibodies binds/masks dangerous parts of a molecule. Antigens lose toxic properties.

Antigen become insoluable

Alters antigen cell membranes so cells are more susceptible to phagocytosis

Help activate complement (20 proteins) that establish membrane attack complex (MAC)

Essential for when pathogens (virus) invades host cells (not accessible to antibodies)

Carry out cellular-mediated immunity

Helper T Cells & Cytotoxic T Cells

Have CD4 glycoprotein receptors

Killer T Cells & Have CD8 glycoprotein receptors

Perforin & Granzyme

Protein that establishes water pores in target cell. Swelling & bursting.

Protease that enters target cell via pores. Degrades protein inside.

Programmed cell death

Abnormal behavior of immune cells, phagocytes, or complement protein complex. Can be congenital or acquired.

Genetic defects producing deficit of B cells and T cells. Little or no protection against disease-causing organism.

Cancer of B cells; symptoms of swollen lymph glands

caused by HIV, which kills Helper T cells; impairs immune system. Virus has high mutation rate, very difficult to treat/combat, and uses a reverse transcriptase to produce DNA from its own RNA code, which then gets incorporated into host cell genome to produce more virus.

Immune system fails to distinguish self from nonself and attacks own body cells

Destroys white matter in brain and spinal cord- attacking myelin sheath

Destroys joints

Immune system causes tissue damage as it fights perceived threat, usually harmless to body