front 1 The renal corpuscle consists of: | back 1 the glomerulus and the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule. |
front 2 Sympathetic nerves from the renal plexus are distributed to the: | back 2 renal blood vessels. |
front 3 Which of the following lists the nephron regions in the correct order of fluid flow? | back 3 glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule |
front 4 Which of the following lists the vessels in the correct order of blood flow? | back 4 afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries |
front 5 The main function of the kidneys is to | back 5 Regulate the composition of the blood and hence of the whole internal environment. |
front 6 Bowman’s capsule is | back 6 A double-walled funnel surrounding a glomerulus |
front 7 The unit excretory structure of the kidney is | back 7 The nephron |
front 8 The part of a juxtamedullary nephron that is in the renal medulla is the: | back 8 loop of Henle. |
front 9 The cells making up the proximal and distal convoluted tubules are: | back 9 simple cuboidal epithelial cells. |
front 10 Podocytes are cells specialized for filtration that are found in the: | back 10 visceral layer of the glomerular capsule. |
front 11 The surface of glomerular capillaries available for filtration is regulated by: | back 11 mesangial cells. |
front 12 ALL of the following are factors in the glomerular filter EXCEPT : | back 12 microvilli. |
front 13 If the diameter of the efferent arteriole is smaller than the diameter of the afferent arteriole, then: | back 13 blood pressure in the glomerulus stays high. |
front 14 Glomerular filtrate contains: | back 14 everything in blood except cells and proteins. |
front 15 Filtration of blood in the glomeruli is promoted by: | back 15 blood hydrostatic pressure. |
front 16 Which of the following pressures is highest in the renal corpuscle under normal circumstances? | back 16 glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure |
front 17 An obstruction in the proximal convoluted tubule decreases glomerular filtration rate because: | back 17 hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capsule increases, which decreases net filtration pressure. |
front 18 The function of the macula densa cells is to: | back 18 monitor NaCl concentration in the tubular fluid. |
front 19 In the myogenic mechanism of renal autoregulation: | back 19 smooth muscle in afferent arterioles triggers vasoconstriction to decrease GFR. |
front 20 The function of atrial natriuretic peptide in renal autoregulation of GFR is to stimulate: | back 20 relaxation of glomerular mesangial cells. |
front 21 If sympathetic stimulation to afferent and efferent arterioles decreases, then GFR: | back 21 increases because both vessels are less constricted |
front 22 The most important function of the juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus is to: | back 22 release renin in response to a drop in renal blood pressure or blood flow. |
front 23 If there were an obstruction in the renal artery, one might expect to see: | back 23 Both A and B are correct. |
front 24 As substances are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidneys, they move from: | back 24 filtered fluid to epithelial cells, to intersitial fluid to peritubular capillaries. |
front 25 The uptake of substances from the lumen of the kidney tubules if known as | back 25 Tubular reabsorption |
front 26 Given the following conditions, glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure 75 mm Hg, capsular hydrostatic pressure 15 mm Hg, blood osmotic pressure 25 mm Hg, the effective filtration pressure would be _____mm Hg. | back 26 35. |
front 27 Most reabsorption of substances from the glomerular filtrate occurs in the | back 27 Proximal tubule |
front 28 Which of the following substances is normally almost completely reabsorbed by the tubules of the nephron? | back 28 Glucose |
front 29 The transport maximum is the: | back 29 upper limit of reabsorption due to saturation of carrier systems. |
front 30 Most water is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule by obligatory reabsorption , which means that: | back 30 water is "following" sodium and other ions/molecules to maintain osmotic balance. |
front 31 Obligatory reabsorption of water occurs in the: | back 31 both A and D are correct. |
front 32 Facultative reabsorption of water is regulated by: | back 32 ADH. |
front 33 If sympathetic stimulation to afferent and efferent arterioles decreases, then GFR: | back 33 doesn't change because the vessels do not have receptors for sympathetic neurotransmitters. |
front 34 Principal cells in the distal convoluted tubules: | back 34 respond to ADH and aldosterone. |
front 35 The significance of secretion of ammonium (NH4+) ions by the tubule cells is: | back 35 it results from generation of new bicarbonate ions that can be reabsorbed to help maintain pH. |
front 36 If the level of aldosterone in the blood increases, then: | back 36 more potassium is excreted in the urine. |
front 37 The amount of potassium secreted by principal cells is increased by which of the following? | back 37 high levels of sodium ions in tubular fluid |
front 38 A role of intercalated cells is to: | back 38 excrete hydrogen ions when pH is too low. |
front 39 The action of ADH on principal cells is to: | back 39 increase insertion of aquaporin 2 vesicles into apical membranes. |
front 40 Urine that is hypotonic to blood plasma is produced when: | back 40 levels of antidiuretic hormone are low. |
front 41 The concentration of solutes in tubular fluid is greatest in the: | back 41 hairpin turn of the loop of Henle. |
front 42 The renal clearance of a large protein such as albumin would be closest to which of the following values? | back 42 zero |
front 43 The permeability of the collecting ducts to water is regulated by: | back 43 antidiuretic hormone. |
front 44 The countercurrent mechanism in the loop of Henle builds and maintains an osmotic gradient in the renal medulla. Which of the following is NOT a contributing factor.? | back 44 Chloride ions passively diffuse from the interstitial fluid into the thick portion of the ascending limb. |
front 45 Cells that have receptors for aldosterone include: | back 45 cells in the distal convoluted tubules |
front 46 The effect of aldosterone on the principal cells of the distal convoluted tubule is to: | back 46 increase the synthesis of sodium pumps. |
front 47 The normal daily volume of urine produced is: | back 47 1000minus2000 ml. |
front 48 Urea recycling in the renal medulla refers to the: | back 48 mechanism by which urea leaves the collecting duct and re enters the loop of Henle, thus helping to maintain the hypertonic conditions of the interstitial spaces. |
front 49 Clearance refers to | back 49 The volume of plasma from which a substances is entirely removed per minute |
front 50 Which of the following would be in the highest concentration in normal urine? | back 50 creatinine. |
front 51 Tubular maximum | back 51 Proximal convoluted tubule |
front 52 Countercurrant multiplier system | back 52 Loop of Henle |
front 53 Aldosterone acts on | back 53 Distal convoluted tubule |
front 54 Renin is associated with | back 54 Juxtaglomerular apparatus |
front 55 Glomeruli are located in | back 55 Cortex of the kidney |
front 56 Distal convoluted tubules are located in the | back 56 Cortex of the kidney |
front 57 Loop of Henle is located in the | back 57 Medulla of the kidney |
front 58 Ureter exits from the | back 58 Renal Hilus |
front 59 Juxtaglomerular apparatus produces | back 59 Renin |
front 60 Associated with the hypothalamus | back 60 Antidiuretic hormone |
front 61 Causes reabsorption of water | back 61 Antidiuretic hormone |
front 62 ACE is associated with | back 62 Angiotensin II |
front 63 Used to measure glomerular filtration rate | back 63 Inulin |
front 64 Catabolism of creatine phosphate from skeletal muscle | back 64 Creatinine |
front 65 Parathyroid hormones acts upon | back 65 . Calcium |
front 66 Breakdown product of proteins | back 66 Urea |
front 67 Parathyroid hormone acts upon | back 67 Distal convoluted tubules |
front 68 Maintains an osmotic gradient | back 68 Loop of Henle |
front 69 Antidiuretic hormones acts on | back 69 Collecting duct |
front 70 Acted upon by norepinephrine | back 70 Glomerulus |
front 71 The kidneys help regulate blood pressure by secretion of the enzyme __________ and by adjusting __________. | back 71 renin; renal resistance |
front 72 The kidneys release two hormones: __________, which helps regulate calcium homeostasis, and __________ , which increases red blood cell production. | back 72 calcitriol; erythropoietin |
front 73 The functional units of the kidneys are the __________. | back 73 nephrons |
front 74 Blood flows into afferent arterioles from __________. | back 74 interlobular arteries |
front 75 The tubules of the juxtamedullary nephrons are served by special capillaries called __________. | back 75 vasa recta |
front 76 Most renal nerves originate in the __________ ganglion, and their function is to regulate __________. | back 76 celiac; renal resistance and blood flow |
front 77 Fluid flows from the ascending limb of the loop of Henle into the __________. | back 77 distal convoluted tubule |
front 78 The juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of two parts: the __________ that detects the concentration of tubular fluid, and the __________ that secrete renin. | back 78 macula densa; juxtaglomerular cells |
front 79 The last portion of the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct are made up of __________ cells, which are the target cells for ADH and aldosterone, and __________ cells that have microvilli and help regulate acid base balance. | back 79 principal; intercalated |
front 80 In tubular reabsorption, substances move from __________ to __________. | back 80 tubular fluid; blood |
front 81 The footlike processes of podocytes are called __________ and the spaces between the processes are called __________. | back 81 pedicels; filtration slits |
front 82 Glomerular endothelial cells are leaky because they have large pores called ___________. | back 82 fenestrations |
front 83 Norepinephrine causes __________ of afferent arterioles, which causes GFR to __________. | back 83 vasoconstriction; decrease |
front 84 Angiotensin II causes __________ of the afferent arteriole and __________ of the efferent arteriole, which causes GFR to __________. | back 84 vasoconstriction; vasoconstriction; decrease |
front 85 The hormone __________ increases capillary surface area available for filtration by causing relaxation of __________. | back 85 ANP; mesangial cells |
front 86 If there is a decrease in the delivery of sodium and chloride ions to macula densa cells, tubuloglomerular feedback causes GFR to ___________. | back 86 increase |
front 87 The 10"minus12" tubes carrying urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder are the __________. | back 87 ureters |
front 88 The mucosa of the urinary bladder includes __________ epithelium. | back 88 transitional |
front 89 The smooth muscle layers surrounding the mucosa of the urinary bladder are collectively known as the __________. | back 89 detrusor muscle |
front 90 The normal component of urine that is derived from the detoxification of ammonia produced as a result of deamination of proteins is __________. | back 90 urea |
front 91 The enzyme secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells in response to impulses from renal sympathetic nerves is __________. | back 91 renin |
front 92 The substrate for the enzyme secreted by juxtaglomerular cells is __________. | back 92 angiotensinogen |
front 93 The blood vessels of surrounding the loop of Henle that help maintain the hypertonic conditions in the peritubular spaces of the renal medulla are called the __________. | back 93 vasa recta |
front 94 The percentage of plasma in afferent arterioles that becomes glomerular filtrate is called the __________. | back 94 filtration fraction |
front 95 In the formula for calculating net filtration pressure, those forces opposing glomerular filtration are __________ and __________ . | back 95 capsular hydrostatic pressure; blood colloid osmotic pressure |