The renal corpuscle consists of:
the glomerulus and the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.
Sympathetic nerves from the renal plexus are distributed to the:
renal blood vessels.
Which of the following lists the nephron regions in the correct order of fluid flow?
glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule
Which of the following lists the vessels in the correct order of blood flow?
afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries
The main function of the kidneys is to
Regulate the composition of the blood and hence of the whole internal environment.
Bowman’s capsule is
A double-walled funnel surrounding a glomerulus
The unit excretory structure of the kidney is
The nephron
The part of a juxtamedullary nephron that is in the renal medulla is the:
loop of Henle.
The cells making up the proximal and distal convoluted tubules are:
simple cuboidal epithelial cells.
Podocytes are cells specialized for filtration that are found in the:
visceral layer of the glomerular capsule.
The surface of glomerular capillaries available for filtration is regulated by:
mesangial cells.
ALL of the following are factors in the glomerular filter EXCEPT :
microvilli.
If the diameter of the efferent arteriole is smaller than the diameter of the afferent arteriole, then:
blood pressure in the glomerulus stays high.
Glomerular filtrate contains:
everything in blood except cells and proteins.
Filtration of blood in the glomeruli is promoted by:
blood hydrostatic pressure.
Which of the following pressures is highest in the renal corpuscle under normal circumstances?
glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure
An obstruction in the proximal convoluted tubule decreases glomerular filtration rate because:
hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capsule increases, which decreases net filtration pressure.
The function of the macula densa cells is to:
monitor NaCl concentration in the tubular fluid.
In the myogenic mechanism of renal autoregulation:
smooth muscle in afferent arterioles triggers vasoconstriction to decrease GFR.
The function of atrial natriuretic peptide in renal autoregulation of GFR is to stimulate:
relaxation of glomerular mesangial cells.
If sympathetic stimulation to afferent and efferent arterioles decreases, then GFR:
increases because both vessels are less constricted
The most important function of the juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus is to:
release renin in response to a drop in renal blood pressure or blood flow.
If there were an obstruction in the renal artery, one might expect to see:
Both A and B are correct.
As substances are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidneys, they move from:
filtered fluid to epithelial cells, to intersitial fluid to peritubular capillaries.
The uptake of substances from the lumen of the kidney tubules if known as
Tubular reabsorption
Given the following conditions, glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure 75 mm Hg, capsular hydrostatic pressure 15 mm Hg, blood osmotic pressure 25 mm Hg, the effective filtration pressure would be _____mm Hg.
35.
Most reabsorption of substances from the glomerular filtrate occurs in the
Proximal tubule
Which of the following substances is normally almost completely reabsorbed by the tubules of the nephron?
Glucose
The transport maximum is the:
upper limit of reabsorption due to saturation of carrier systems.
Most water is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule by obligatory reabsorption , which means that:
water is "following" sodium and other ions/molecules to maintain osmotic balance.
Obligatory reabsorption of water occurs in the:
both A and D are correct.
Facultative reabsorption of water is regulated by:
ADH.
If sympathetic stimulation to afferent and efferent arterioles decreases, then GFR:
doesn't change because the vessels do not have receptors for sympathetic neurotransmitters.
Principal cells in the distal convoluted tubules:
respond to ADH and aldosterone.
The significance of secretion of ammonium (NH4+) ions by the tubule cells is:
it results from generation of new bicarbonate ions that can be reabsorbed to help maintain pH.
If the level of aldosterone in the blood increases, then:
more potassium is excreted in the urine.
The amount of potassium secreted by principal cells is increased by which of the following?
high levels of sodium ions in tubular fluid
A role of intercalated cells is to:
excrete hydrogen ions when pH is too low.
The action of ADH on principal cells is to:
increase insertion of aquaporin 2 vesicles into apical membranes.
Urine that is hypotonic to blood plasma is produced when:
levels of antidiuretic hormone are low.
The concentration of solutes in tubular fluid is greatest in the:
hairpin turn of the loop of Henle.
The renal clearance of a large protein such as albumin would be closest to which of the following values?
zero
The permeability of the collecting ducts to water is regulated by:
antidiuretic hormone.
The countercurrent mechanism in the loop of Henle builds and maintains an osmotic gradient in the renal medulla. Which of the following is NOT a contributing factor.?
Chloride ions passively diffuse from the interstitial fluid into the thick portion of the ascending limb.
Cells that have receptors for aldosterone include:
cells in the distal convoluted tubules
The effect of aldosterone on the principal cells of the distal convoluted tubule is to:
increase the synthesis of sodium pumps.
The normal daily volume of urine produced is:
1000minus2000 ml.
Urea recycling in the renal medulla refers to the:
mechanism by which urea leaves the collecting duct and re enters the loop of Henle, thus helping to maintain the hypertonic conditions of the interstitial spaces.
Clearance refers to
The volume of plasma from which a substances is entirely removed per minute
Which of the following would be in the highest concentration in normal urine?
creatinine.
Tubular maximum
Proximal convoluted tubule
Countercurrant multiplier system
Loop of Henle
Aldosterone acts on
Distal convoluted tubule
Renin is associated with
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
Glomeruli are located in
Cortex of the kidney
Distal convoluted tubules are located in the
Cortex of the kidney
Loop of Henle is located in the
Medulla of the kidney
Ureter exits from the
Renal Hilus
Juxtaglomerular apparatus produces
Renin
Associated with the hypothalamus
Antidiuretic hormone
Causes reabsorption of water
Antidiuretic hormone
ACE is associated with
Angiotensin II
Used to measure glomerular filtration rate
Inulin
Catabolism of creatine phosphate from skeletal muscle
Creatinine
Parathyroid hormones acts upon
. Calcium
Breakdown product of proteins
Urea
Parathyroid hormone acts upon
Distal convoluted tubules
Maintains an osmotic gradient
Loop of Henle
Antidiuretic hormones acts on
Collecting duct
Acted upon by norepinephrine
Glomerulus
The kidneys help regulate blood pressure by secretion of the enzyme __________ and by adjusting __________.
renin; renal resistance
The kidneys release two hormones: __________, which helps regulate calcium homeostasis, and __________ , which increases red blood cell production.
calcitriol; erythropoietin
The functional units of the kidneys are the __________.
nephrons
Blood flows into afferent arterioles from __________.
interlobular arteries
The tubules of the juxtamedullary nephrons are served by special capillaries called __________.
vasa recta
Most renal nerves originate in the __________ ganglion, and their function is to regulate __________.
celiac; renal resistance and blood flow
Fluid flows from the ascending limb of the loop of Henle into the __________.
distal convoluted tubule
The juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of two parts: the __________ that detects the concentration of tubular fluid, and the __________ that secrete renin.
macula densa; juxtaglomerular cells
The last portion of the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct are made up of __________ cells, which are the target cells for ADH and aldosterone, and __________ cells that have microvilli and help regulate acid base balance.
principal; intercalated
In tubular reabsorption, substances move from __________ to __________.
tubular fluid; blood
The footlike processes of podocytes are called __________ and the spaces between the processes are called __________.
pedicels; filtration slits
Glomerular endothelial cells are leaky because they have large pores called ___________.
fenestrations
Norepinephrine causes __________ of afferent arterioles, which causes GFR to __________.
vasoconstriction; decrease
Angiotensin II causes __________ of the afferent arteriole and __________ of the efferent arteriole, which causes GFR to __________.
vasoconstriction; vasoconstriction; decrease
The hormone __________ increases capillary surface area available for filtration by causing relaxation of __________.
ANP; mesangial cells
If there is a decrease in the delivery of sodium and chloride ions to macula densa cells, tubuloglomerular feedback causes GFR to ___________.
increase
The 10"minus12" tubes carrying urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder are the __________.
ureters
The mucosa of the urinary bladder includes __________ epithelium.
transitional
The smooth muscle layers surrounding the mucosa of the urinary bladder are collectively known as the __________.
detrusor muscle
The normal component of urine that is derived from the detoxification of ammonia produced as a result of deamination of proteins is __________.
urea
The enzyme secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells in response to impulses from renal sympathetic nerves is __________.
renin
The substrate for the enzyme secreted by juxtaglomerular cells is __________.
angiotensinogen
The blood vessels of surrounding the loop of Henle that help maintain the hypertonic conditions in the peritubular spaces of the renal medulla are called the __________.
vasa recta
The percentage of plasma in afferent arterioles that becomes glomerular filtrate is called the __________.
filtration fraction
In the formula for calculating net filtration pressure, those forces opposing glomerular filtration are __________ and __________ .
capsular hydrostatic pressure; blood colloid osmotic pressure