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Microbiology Exam 1

front 1

Phospholipids

back 1

1 glycerol + 2 fatty acids
-hooked onto glycerol and phosphate groups
-have phosphate head and lipid tail
-Head: hydrophillic(love water)
-Tail: hydrophobic( hate water)

front 2

Pyrimidines VS Purines

back 2

-Pyrimidines: U, T, C
-Purines:A,G

front 3

Francisco Redi

back 3

(1668) Disproved spontaneous generation w/ meat experiment

front 4

Amino Acid Structure

back 4

Peptide Bond

front 5

Edward Jenner

back 5

(1796) Small Pox Vaccine
-Gave a little boy cow pox, after he got over it, tried to give the boy small pox and boy never got sick
- Discovered Vaccines
-Vaca: Cow in spanish

front 6

Goden Age of Microbiology

back 6

(1857-1914)
-prevention and curing diseases
-Aseptic Techniques
-Bio-genesis
-Germ Theory of Disease

front 7

Biogenesis

back 7

Living cells come from other living cells

front 8

Germ Theory of Disease

back 8

-Foreign Microbes/Mutated microbes cause sickness/ ailment
-Some thought you got sick because you deserved punishment

front 9

What is a peptide?

back 9

4-9 amino acids

-Polypeptide: 10s-1000s amino acids

front 10

Watson & Crick

back 10

(1953) -elucidated DNA structure
- Discovered DNA is a double helix

front 11

Recycling elements

back 11

-Decomposing trash, landfills, compost piles
-Convert C, O, N, P, S into forms we can use

front 12

Natural Products

back 12

-Alternative Fuels
-Antibiotics
-Alcohol
-Vaccines
-Yogurt

front 13

Cellular Respiration Cycle

back 13

1. Glucose -> 2 Pyruvic Acids
2. 2 Pyruvic Acids-> 2 Acetyle CoA + NADH/2FADH(2)
3. 2 Acetyl CoA + NADH/2FADH(2)-> Energy

front 14

Louis Pasteur

back 14

pasteurization
Heating up liquids to keep sterile
-swan neck flask

front 15

Modern Era

back 15

- Development of chemotherapy
-using chemicals for a treatment
-Developed Antibiotics

front 16

Paul Erlich

back 16

"magic bullet"
-something to kill disease yet not harm the host
-Salvarsan

front 17

Tertiary Structure

back 17

-3D Structure, not predictable
-Interactions of Amino Acid side chains ( R groups)
-Globular

front 18

Quaternary Structure

back 18

-2 or more polypeptide chains work as one unit
-globular ( hemoglobin) or fibrous ( actin and myocin)

front 19

Gene

back 19

-basic unit of heredity
-specific order of nitrogenous bases makes up 1 gene
- 10s-100s of nucleotides = 1 gene

front 20

DNA

back 20

-circular chromosomes
-genetic makeup of how we are
-determines protein sequence

front 21

Recombinant DNA Technology

back 21

-genetically enginerred food
-cloning
-insulin

front 22

Classification of life

back 22

Phylogenic tree of life
-3 domains
-6 Kingdoms
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

front 23

Chromosome

back 23

100s-1000s of genes make up 1 chromosome
-46 in humans

front 24

Genome

back 24

1s-10s of chromosomes = 1 genome
the human genome is 46 chromosomes

front 25

RNA

back 25

3 types
-mRNA
-messenger
-carries from DNA to ribosomes
- codes for protein sequence
-rRNA
-ribosomal
-made in the nucleolus
-tRNA
-reads mRNA
-help form proteins/correct amino acids

front 26

What are the 3 domains and the kingdoms of each?

back 26

Bacteria
-Eubacteria
Archaea
- Archaebacteria
Eukarya
- protista
-fungi
-plantae
-animalia

front 27

Prokaryote

back 27

Single-celled w/ no nucleus

front 28

Eukaryote

back 28

membrane bound organelle and nucleus
-can be 1 or more cells

front 29

Magnification

back 29

increase in apparent size of an object

front 30

Prokaryote Classification

back 30

-Shape
-Size
-Arrangement
-Food Requirements
-Chemical Testing

front 31

Subrstrate level Phosphorylation

back 31

ADP removes a phosphate directly from a substrate

front 32

Pleomorph

back 32

Changes shape
-PV (proteus vulgaris)
-Diptheria

front 33

Sprilium

back 33

spiral type shape

front 34

Comma

back 34

ex: Cholera

front 35

Spirillium

back 35

wasy, "S" shape

front 36

Fleming, Chain, Florey

back 36

-Fleming discovered penicillin
-Chain and Florey isolated and mass produced penicillin

front 37

Hooke

back 37

Built first microscope, series of lenses and mirrors
-observed cork, coined the term "cells" from monasteries

front 38

Leeuwenhoek

back 38

-built 450 microscopes (mag-300x)
-saw first living cells "Animacules"
-Cell theory

front 39

What is the order of biomolecules broken down when dieting?

back 39

1. Carbs
2. Fats
3. Proteins

front 40

Fat Metabolism

back 40

Lipids -> Fatty acids + Glycerol

enzymes= lipase

front 41

Spirochete

back 41

-Wrapped around axial filament
-Spiral
- ex lyme disease, syphillis

front 42

Star Shaped

back 42

Ex Stella

front 43

Rectangular

back 43

ex Haloarcula
-HALO= Salt loving

front 44

Prokaryotic Glycocalyses

back 44

-Sugar coat on outside bacterial wall made of sugar, carbs, and protein

front 45

Protein Metabolism

back 45

Proteins-> Amino Acids

Enzymes-peptidase(small)
protease (big)

front 46

Cell Theory

back 46

1. Cells are smallest unit of life
2. all living orgs are made of 1 or more cells
3. All cells must come from pre-existing cells

front 47

Oxidative Phosphorylation

back 47

e- are transferred from ORGANIC compounds to electron carriers ( nad+, fad+) and produce ATP throughenergy generation

front 48

PhotoPhosphorylation

back 48

get energy to make ATP through light

front 49

Spontaneous Generation

back 49

Forms of life spontaneously arise from non-living matter "POOF"

front 50

Staphylococcus

back 50

grouped together, looks like a beer pong formation

front 51

Phototaxis

back 51

can be positive or negative
pos-move towards light
neg- move away from light

front 52

Pepsin

back 52

Enzyme in stomach

front 53

Oxidation and Reduction Reactions

back 53

Go hand in hand
OXIDATION: lose an electron, produce energy
Reduction: gain an electron, lose energy
REDOX reaction

front 54

What are the 3 steps of cellular respiration?

back 54

1. Glycolysis
2. Kreb's Cycle
3. Electron Transport Chain

front 55

Glycolysis

back 55

-Substrate level phosphorylation
-Oxidation of Glucose
-Happens in cytoplasm in Euks, and Proks
-Glucose-> 2 pyruvic acids + 2 ATP+ 2NADH
-Does not require Oxygen
Purpose- split 6-c glucose into two 3-c glucose

front 56

Kreb's Cycle

back 56

2 pyruvic acids-> 2 Acetyl CoA-> 6 CO2+2ATP+ 2FADH2+8NADH + 10H+

All about creating NAD and FAD

front 57

Electron Transport Chain

back 57

NAD and FADH2 flow down the chain generating energy the way down.
Release energy as e- transfer from High to Low energy compounds

6CO2+12H+ + 10NADH +2FADH2->6H2O+ 3HATP=10NAD+ +2FAD+

EUK- miochondrial membrane
Prok- plasma membrane

front 58

Types of Prokaryotic Glycocalyse

back 58

1. Capsule
-organized
-firmly attached to cells
2. Slime Layer
-unorganized
-loosely attached to cell

front 59

Fermentation

back 59

1. After Glycolysis
2. No oxygen, no kreb's, no ECT
3.Release energy from sugar/lipids
4.Uses an organic molecule as a final electron acceptor
5.Only makes small amount of ATP
-lactic acid
-alcoholic

front 60

Lactic Acid

back 60

2NADH + 2pyruvic acids-> 2 Lactic Acids + 2NAD+

Lactobacillus
Streptococcus
-yogurt
-food spoilage
-pickles

front 61

Gram Negative Cell Wall (2)

back 61

one or few Peptidoglycan layers sandwiched between plasma membrane and outer membrane
-lipolysaccharide layer(lipids and sugars)
NO TECHOIC ACIDS
Has porin proteins
More resistant to antibiotics

front 62

Lysozymes

back 62

-Chemical produced by euks
hydrolyzes
breaks down apart NAG and NAM carb backbone in pg layer
-Saliva, Mucus, Tears

front 63

Flagellum

back 63

rotor like movement
not wavy like sperm
more circular motion
polar flagella

front 64

Monotrichous

back 64

one tail

front 65

Prokaryote Parts

back 65

1. Lipid bilayer
2. Enzymes
3. DNA
4. Ribosomes

front 66

Prokaryoute lipid bilayer

back 66

-Fluid mosaic model
-phospholipids
-proteins(for transport)
-Diffusion
-Osmosis
-Active Transport

front 67

Diffusion

back 67

-Passive movement of molecules (oxygen CO2) through cell

front 68

Amphitrichous

back 68

2 tails, one on either side

front 69

Lophotrichous

back 69

many tails coming out of one hole

front 70

Characteristics of Prokaryotes

back 70

no nucleus or oranelle
smaller in size
70s ribosomes
Circular chromosomes
no histones
peptidoglycan layer
binary fission for repro.
no carbs or sterol

front 71

Osmosis

back 71

Diffusion of water only

front 72

Alcoholic Fermentation

back 72

2 pyruvic acids-> 2 acteryaldehide + 2CO2

Acetaldehide= 2NADH and 2NAD+

Saccromyces= yeast
beer bread
anaerobic

front 73

Characteristics of Euks

back 73

nucleus and membrane bound organelle
bigger in size
single or multicellular
80s Ribosomes
no pg layer
sexual or asexual repro.

front 74

Resolution

back 74

power; to show details

light microscope = 2000x

front 75

Chemotaxis

back 75

Positive or negative
pos-move towards chemicals
neg- move away from chemicals

front 76

Fimbriae

back 76

-small protuberances
-poloar or nonpolar-few to hundreds
acts like velcro

front 77

Pili

back 77

-1 per cell
-for conjugation
-plasmid carries gene for pili creation and genes for antibiotic resistance

front 78

Steroids

back 78

fats built from cholesterol( 4 fused rings)
Find sterols in plasma membrane of FUNGI< PLANTS< ANIMALS

front 79

Proteins

back 79

-C, H, O, N, S
50% of mass of cell
amino acids have peptide bonds

front 80

Types of proteins

back 80

Enzymes
Transport( in and out of cell)
Structure( myocin and actin)

front 81

Peritrichous

back 81

many tails coming out of everywhere

front 82

Atrichous

back 82

no tail

front 83

Prok Cell wall functions

back 83

1. Transport
2. Keep from rupturing
3. Protection
4. Determines Shape
5. Anchor for flagella
6. Confers resistance to antibiotics

front 84

Gram Positive Cell walls (2)

back 84

Thick pg layer
chans of 2 sugars repeating (NAG,NAM)
HAS TECHOIC ACID

front 85

Oligosaccharides

back 85

2-20 units long

front 86

Gram negative cell wall

back 86

2 sets of rings
1-pg layer
1-membrane

front 87

Gram Positive

back 87

only 1 set of rings

front 88

Polysaccharide

back 88

more than 2 sugars, not usually sweet, straight or branched
10-100s long
ex starch
not soluble in water

front 89

Func of Prokaryotic Glycocalyse

back 89

Adhering to things
lubrication
protection from immune systems
UV protection

front 90

Taxis

back 90

Movement

front 91

Physiology of Enzymes

back 91

Temp cause reaction to go up
pH causes reactions to go up
Denaturing of proteins
Substrate concentration
Ihibitors ( competitive and Non competitive)

front 92

Endospores

back 92

can remain dormant for 1000's of years
bacilli shape only

front 93

metabolism

back 93

sum of all reactions in the body

front 94

2 types of metabolism

back 94

Catabolism
Anabolism

front 95

Scanning Electron Microscope

back 95

100,00X
beam of electrons creating a shower, to provie a 3D image

front 96

Transmission Electron Mic

back 96

200,000X
beam electrons straight through specimen
dead things only

front 97

Scanning Tunneling Electron Micros.

back 97

1,000,000,000X
Atomic Level
Nanometer scale
absolute zero-hundreds of degrees

front 98

3 types of lipids

back 98

Steroid
triglycerides
phospholipids