Microbiology Exam 1 Flashcards

1 glycerol + 2 fatty acids
-hooked onto glycerol and phosphate groups
-have phosphate head and lipid tail
-Head: hydrophillic(love water)
-Tail: hydrophobic( hate water)

-Pyrimidines: U, T, C
-Purines:A,G

(1668) Disproved spontaneous generation w/ meat experiment

Peptide Bond

(1796) Small Pox Vaccine
-Gave a little boy cow pox, after he got over it, tried to give the boy small pox and boy never got sick
- Discovered Vaccines
-Vaca: Cow in spanish

(1857-1914)
-prevention and curing diseases
-Aseptic Techniques
-Bio-genesis
-Germ Theory of Disease

Living cells come from other living cells

-Foreign Microbes/Mutated microbes cause sickness/ ailment
-Some thought you got sick because you deserved punishment

4-9 amino acids

-Polypeptide: 10s-1000s amino acids

(1953) -elucidated DNA structure
- Discovered DNA is a double helix

-Decomposing trash, landfills, compost piles
-Convert C, O, N, P, S into forms we can use

-Alternative Fuels
-Antibiotics
-Alcohol
-Vaccines
-Yogurt

1. Glucose -> 2 Pyruvic Acids
2. 2 Pyruvic Acids-> 2 Acetyle CoA + NADH/2FADH(2)
3. 2 Acetyl CoA + NADH/2FADH(2)-> Energy

pasteurization
Heating up liquids to keep sterile
-swan neck flask

- Development of chemotherapy
-using chemicals for a treatment
-Developed Antibiotics

"magic bullet"
-something to kill disease yet not harm the host
-Salvarsan

-3D Structure, not predictable
-Interactions of Amino Acid side chains ( R groups)
-Globular

-2 or more polypeptide chains work as one unit
-globular ( hemoglobin) or fibrous ( actin and myocin)

-basic unit of heredity
-specific order of nitrogenous bases makes up 1 gene
- 10s-100s of nucleotides = 1 gene

-circular chromosomes
-genetic makeup of how we are
-determines protein sequence

-genetically enginerred food
-cloning
-insulin

Phylogenic tree of life
-3 domains
-6 Kingdoms
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

100s-1000s of genes make up 1 chromosome
-46 in humans

1s-10s of chromosomes = 1 genome
the human genome is 46 chromosomes

3 types
-mRNA
-messenger
-carries from DNA to ribosomes
- codes for protein sequence
-rRNA
-ribosomal
-made in the nucleolus
-tRNA
-reads mRNA
-help form proteins/correct amino acids

Bacteria
-Eubacteria
Archaea
- Archaebacteria
Eukarya
- protista
-fungi
-plantae
-animalia

Single-celled w/ no nucleus

membrane bound organelle and nucleus
-can be 1 or more cells

increase in apparent size of an object

-Shape
-Size
-Arrangement
-Food Requirements
-Chemical Testing

ADP removes a phosphate directly from a substrate

Changes shape
-PV (proteus vulgaris)
-Diptheria

spiral type shape

ex: Cholera

wasy, "S" shape

-Fleming discovered penicillin
-Chain and Florey isolated and mass produced penicillin

Built first microscope, series of lenses and mirrors
-observed cork, coined the term "cells" from monasteries

-built 450 microscopes (mag-300x)
-saw first living cells "Animacules"
-Cell theory

1. Carbs
2. Fats
3. Proteins

Lipids -> Fatty acids + Glycerol

enzymes= lipase

-Wrapped around axial filament
-Spiral
- ex lyme disease, syphillis

Ex Stella

ex Haloarcula
-HALO= Salt loving

-Sugar coat on outside bacterial wall made of sugar, carbs, and protein

Proteins-> Amino Acids

Enzymes-peptidase(small)
protease (big)

1. Cells are smallest unit of life
2. all living orgs are made of 1 or more cells
3. All cells must come from pre-existing cells

e- are transferred from ORGANIC compounds to electron carriers ( nad+, fad+) and produce ATP throughenergy generation

get energy to make ATP through light

Forms of life spontaneously arise from non-living matter "POOF"

grouped together, looks like a beer pong formation

can be positive or negative
pos-move towards light
neg- move away from light

Enzyme in stomach

Go hand in hand
OXIDATION: lose an electron, produce energy
Reduction: gain an electron, lose energy
REDOX reaction

1. Glycolysis
2. Kreb's Cycle
3. Electron Transport Chain

-Substrate level phosphorylation
-Oxidation of Glucose
-Happens in cytoplasm in Euks, and Proks
-Glucose-> 2 pyruvic acids + 2 ATP+ 2NADH
-Does not require Oxygen
Purpose- split 6-c glucose into two 3-c glucose

2 pyruvic acids-> 2 Acetyl CoA-> 6 CO2+2ATP+ 2FADH2+8NADH + 10H+

All about creating NAD and FAD

NAD and FADH2 flow down the chain generating energy the way down.
Release energy as e- transfer from High to Low energy compounds

6CO2+12H+ + 10NADH +2FADH2->6H2O+ 3HATP=10NAD+ +2FAD+

EUK- miochondrial membrane
Prok- plasma membrane

1. Capsule
-organized
-firmly attached to cells
2. Slime Layer
-unorganized
-loosely attached to cell

1. After Glycolysis
2. No oxygen, no kreb's, no ECT
3.Release energy from sugar/lipids
4.Uses an organic molecule as a final electron acceptor
5.Only makes small amount of ATP
-lactic acid
-alcoholic

2NADH + 2pyruvic acids-> 2 Lactic Acids + 2NAD+

Lactobacillus
Streptococcus
-yogurt
-food spoilage
-pickles

one or few Peptidoglycan layers sandwiched between plasma membrane and outer membrane
-lipolysaccharide layer(lipids and sugars)
NO TECHOIC ACIDS
Has porin proteins
More resistant to antibiotics

-Chemical produced by euks
hydrolyzes
breaks down apart NAG and NAM carb backbone in pg layer
-Saliva, Mucus, Tears

rotor like movement
not wavy like sperm
more circular motion
polar flagella

one tail

1. Lipid bilayer
2. Enzymes
3. DNA
4. Ribosomes

-Fluid mosaic model
-phospholipids
-proteins(for transport)
-Diffusion
-Osmosis
-Active Transport

-Passive movement of molecules (oxygen CO2) through cell

2 tails, one on either side

many tails coming out of one hole

no nucleus or oranelle
smaller in size
70s ribosomes
Circular chromosomes
no histones
peptidoglycan layer
binary fission for repro.
no carbs or sterol

Diffusion of water only

2 pyruvic acids-> 2 acteryaldehide + 2CO2

Acetaldehide= 2NADH and 2NAD+

Saccromyces= yeast
beer bread
anaerobic

nucleus and membrane bound organelle
bigger in size
single or multicellular
80s Ribosomes
no pg layer
sexual or asexual repro.

power; to show details

light microscope = 2000x

Positive or negative
pos-move towards chemicals
neg- move away from chemicals

-small protuberances
-poloar or nonpolar-few to hundreds
acts like velcro

-1 per cell
-for conjugation
-plasmid carries gene for pili creation and genes for antibiotic resistance

fats built from cholesterol( 4 fused rings)
Find sterols in plasma membrane of FUNGI< PLANTS< ANIMALS

-C, H, O, N, S
50% of mass of cell
amino acids have peptide bonds

Enzymes
Transport( in and out of cell)
Structure( myocin and actin)

many tails coming out of everywhere

no tail

1. Transport
2. Keep from rupturing
3. Protection
4. Determines Shape
5. Anchor for flagella
6. Confers resistance to antibiotics

Thick pg layer
chans of 2 sugars repeating (NAG,NAM)
HAS TECHOIC ACID

2-20 units long

2 sets of rings
1-pg layer
1-membrane

only 1 set of rings

more than 2 sugars, not usually sweet, straight or branched
10-100s long
ex starch
not soluble in water

Adhering to things
lubrication
protection from immune systems
UV protection

Movement

Temp cause reaction to go up
pH causes reactions to go up
Denaturing of proteins
Substrate concentration
Ihibitors ( competitive and Non competitive)

can remain dormant for 1000's of years
bacilli shape only

sum of all reactions in the body

Catabolism
Anabolism

100,00X
beam of electrons creating a shower, to provie a 3D image

200,000X
beam electrons straight through specimen
dead things only

1,000,000,000X
Atomic Level
Nanometer scale
absolute zero-hundreds of degrees

Steroid
triglycerides
phospholipids