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A&P II Final Part 2

front 1

What two structures constitute the renal corpuscle?

back 1

glomerulus and glomerular (Bowman's) capsule

front 2

What arteries branch off the arcuate arteries?

back 2

cortical radiate (interlobular) arteries

front 3

In what part of the renal tubule does parathyroid hormone (PTH) promote the reabsorption of calcium ions?

back 3

distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

front 4

Which of the following is the most likely to cause pyelonephritis?

back 4

infection of the urinary bladder

front 5

Which vessels supply the cortical tissue of the kidney with blood?

back 5

cortical radiate arteries

front 6

What region of the male urethra runs through the urogenital diaphragm, extending about 2 cm from the prostate to the beginning of the penis?

back 6

intermediate part of the urethra (membranous urethra)

front 7

Which capillary bed produces filtrate?

back 7

Glomerulus

front 8

Which of the following is NOT a cause of anuria?

back 8

vasodilation of afferent arterioles

front 9

The __________ collect(s) urine, which drains continuously from the papillae; the urine is then emptied into the __________.

back 9

calyces; renal pelvis

front 10

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg) is the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane.

back 10

TRUE

front 11

What hormone promotes active tubular secretion of potassium ions in the late distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting ducts?

back 11

Aldosterone

front 12

In what part of the renal tubule are aquaporins scarce or absent so that water CANNOT be reabsorbed?

back 12

ascending limb of the nephron loop

front 13

In which kidney region are all renal corpuscles located?

back 13

renal cortex

front 14

Despite the fact that the kidney's intrinsic controls work to maintain a constant GFR, in some situations the body's extrinsic controls will work to override these intrinsic controls in order to maintain systemic blood pressure.

back 14

TRUE

front 15

Which statement best describes the effect diuretics have?

back 15

Diuretics increase urinary output.

front 16

Which pressure is the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane of the glomerulus?

back 16

hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries (HPgc)

front 17

Where does the efferent arteriole of the juxtamedullary nephron carry blood to?

back 17

vasa recta

front 18

The descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to both solutes and water.

back 18

FALSE

front 19

Which of the following substances is not normally found in filtrate?

back 19

blood cells and large particles

front 20

What is the primary driving force (pressure) that produces glomerular filtration?

back 20

hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure)

front 21

Which of the following would only be found in the glomerular filtrate if the glomerular membrane were damaged?

back 21

Protein

front 22

If the osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increased from 28 mm Hg to 35 mm Hg, would net filtration increase or decrease?

back 22

net filtration would decrease

front 23

Calculate the net filtration pressure if capillary hydrostatic pressure is 60 mm Hg, capillary osmotic pressure is 25 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure is 10 mm Hg.

back 23

25 mm Hg

front 24

Which hormone(s) is/are required for facultative water reabsorption in the collecting ducts?

back 24

ADH

front 25

Since most patients with renal failure produce little or no urine, hemodialysis often involves removal of water from the blood. However, side-effects may develop if too much fluid is removed from the blood. Which of the following is NOT one of the potential side-effects?

back 25

vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles

front 26

Upon reaching what point in the nephron is reabsorption (1) dependent upon the body's needs at the time, and (2) regulated by hormones?

back 26

distal convoluted tubule

front 27

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

back 27

a system that regulates the rate of filtrate formation and systemic blood pressure

front 28

The frequency of cystitis in men is lower than in women because ______.

back 28

the male urethra is longer than the female urethra

front 29

Fenestrated vessels that allow passage of all plasma elements but not blood cells.

back 29

Glomerular capillaries

front 30

May form meandering vessels or bundles of long straight vessels.

back 30

efferent arterioles

front 31

High pressure vessels that forces fluid and solutes into the glomerular capsule

back 31

Afferent arterioles

front 32

Low pressure, porous vessels that reabsorb solutes and water from the tubule cells.

back 32

peritubular capillaries

front 33

Play a role in urine concentration

back 33

vasa recta

front 34

Chemicals that enhance urinary output are called __________.

back 34

Diuretics

front 35

Which part of the brain controls the micturition reflex?

back 35

Pons

front 36

Which of the following is the functional unit of the kidney?

back 36

Nephron

front 37

Which vessel is present in the arterial pathway as blood flows into the kidney but NOT present in the venous pathway exiting the kidney?

back 37

Segmental

front 38

Which of the following best describes glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

back 38

the volume of filtrate created by the kidneys per minute

front 39

GFR regulation mechanisms primarily affect which of the following?

back 39

glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg)

front 40

Which of the following are mechanisms of intrinsic control of glomerular filtration (renal autoregulation)?

back 40

myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback

front 41

Macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) regulate GFR through which intrinsic mechanism?

back 41

tubuloglomerular feedback

front 42

The myogenic mechanism of renal autoregulation primarily involves smooth muscle in which blood vessels?

back 42

afferent arterioles

front 43

What does a high concentration of NaCl in the renal tubule at the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) most likely indicate?

back 43

insufficient NaCl reabsorption due to high GFR

front 44

Through the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism, how would an increase in filtrate NaCl concentration affect afferent arteriole diameter?

back 44

Afferent arteriole diameter would decrease.

front 45

Granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) regulate GFR through which mechanism?

back 45

renin-angiotensin mechanism

front 46

Under normal conditions, the large renal arteries deliver one-fourth of the total cardiac output (about 1200 ml) to the kidneys each minute.

back 46

TRUE

front 47

Where in the nephron does most solute reabsorption occur?

back 47

proximal convoluted tubule

front 48

A nonfasting urine sample from an individual who has previously ingested donuts and a soft drink showed the presence of sugar (glucose). Which of the following statement explains the presence of the glucose in the urine?

back 48

The individual exceeded the transport maximum.

front 49

Approximately 80% of the energy used for active transport is devoted to the reabsorption of __________.

back 49

Sodium

front 50

Urinary incontinence may occur if a person has ______.

back 50

an overactive detrusor muscle

front 51

The __________ keeps the urethra closed when urine is not being passed from the bladder and prevents leaking between voiding.

back 51

internal urethral sphincter

front 52

Most solutes that are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule use which of the following pathways?

back 52

Transcellular

front 53

During reabsorption of water in the proximal convoluted tubule, what causes water to diffuse from the lumen into the interstitial space?

back 53

an increase in the osmolarity of the interstitium

front 54

The decreased intracellular concentration of sodium in tubular cells during active transport is caused by which of the following mechanisms?

back 54

the sodium-potassium ATPase pump in the basolateral membrane

front 55

The active transport of which ion out of proximal convoluted tubule cells causes the reabsorption of both water and solutes?

back 55

Sodium

front 56

Which of the following transporters in the luminal membrane results in secretion?

back 56

Na+-H+ countertransport

front 57

What is the limiting factor for the reabsorption of most actively transported solutes in the proximal tubule?

back 57

number of transport carriers in the luminal membrane

front 58

Hydronephrosis may be caused by all EXCEPT which of the following?

back 58

renal failure

front 59

Overall, which of the following pressures is ultimately responsible for glomerular filtration?

back 59

net filtration pressure

front 60

Which of the following is NOT one of the things that must happen for micturition to occur?

back 60

The extrusor muscle must relax.

front 61

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?

back 61

producing the hormones melanin and oxytocin

front 62

Which of the following is NOT a major urine formation process?

back 62

Micturition

front 63

Polycystic kidney disease always affects both kidneys instead of only the right or left kidney because ______.

back 63

it is a genetic disease

front 64

Which statement best describes the function of the urethra?

back 64

The urethra transports urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.

front 65

Which of the following congenital abnormalities of the urinary system is found in male infants only?

back 65

urinary bladder

front 66

Which of the following is the volume of filtrate formed each minute by all of the glomeruli of the kidneys?

back 66

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

front 67

Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule?

back 67

Creatinine

front 68

What is the most direct function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

back 68

help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys

front 69

What type of capillaries make up the glomerulus?

back 69

Fenestrated

front 70

What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal?

back 70

Net filtration would decrease.

front 71

The renal corpuscle is made up of ________.

back 71

Bowman's capsule and glomerulus

front 72

Calculate the net filtration pressure if blood pressure in the glomerulus is unusually high, around 68 mm Hg.

back 72

23 mm Hg

front 73

The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________.

back 73

Nephron

front 74

Site at which most of the tubular absorption occurs

back 74

proximal convoluted tubule

front 75

Site of the filtrate formation

back 75

glomerulus

front 76

Blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells

back 76

peritubular capillaries

front 77

Site that drains the distal convoluted tubule

back 77

collecting duct

front 78

The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney.

back 78

Arcuate

front 79

Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body.
1. major calyx
2. minor calyx
3. nephron
4. urethra
5. ureter
6. collecting duct

back 79

3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4

front 80

Which of the following does not describe the juxtaglomerular complex?

back 80

Its macula densa cells produce aldosterone.

front 81

Which of the three parts of the renal tubule is formed by cuboidal epithelial cells bordered by dense microvilli?

back 81

proximal convoluted tubule

front 82

Most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.

back 82

hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments

front 83

How can an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) such as captopril be effective as an antihypertensive?

back 83

ACE inhibitors reduce blood pressure by causing less aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone to be released, resulting in more water output and a lowering of the blood volume, which lowers the blood pressure.

front 84

What is the function of the macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)?

back 84

The macula densa cells monitor the NaCl content of the filtrate entering the distal convoluted tubule.

front 85

The leading cause of chronic renal disease is hypertension.

back 85

FALSE

front 86

Which of the choices below is the salt level-monitoring part of the nephron?

back 86

macula densa

front 87

Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle?

back 87

a vasa recta

front 88

What vessel directly feeds into the glomerulus?

back 88

afferent arteriole

front 89

Where is filtrate produced in the nephron?

back 89

Glomerulus

front 90

The macula densa cells respond to ________.

back 90

changes in solute content of the filtrate

front 91

Select the correct statement about the nephrons.

back 91

The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium.

front 92

Which cells of the kidney are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in solute content of the filtrate?

back 92

macula densa cells

front 93

The proximal convoluted tubule is the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct.

back 93

FALSE

front 94

Where does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) exert its effects to promote water reabsorption?

back 94

collecting duct

front 95

An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________.

back 95

increase in the production of ADH

front 96

The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________.

back 96

by a decrease in the blood pressure

front 97

Which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system?

back 97

eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat

front 98

The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________.

back 98

glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)

front 99

The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.

back 99

Osmosis

front 100

Which of the following is not true regarding tubular reabsorption?

back 100

It is a purely passive transport process.

front 101

Which of the following is the least important influence on reabsorption of a substance in the nephron?

back 101

molecular complexity

front 102

In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle the ________.

back 102

thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption

front 103

Which of the choices below is the least important role of tubular secretion?

back 103

ridding the body of bicarbonate ions

front 104

Under normal circumstances, most water is lost in __________.

back 104

Urine

front 105

Which of the following does NOT impact how much sodium is reabsorbed?

back 105

transport maximum of the renal proximal tubule

front 106

Which of the following is NOT involved in triggering the thirst mechanism?

back 106

increase in blood pressure

front 107

Which of the following regulates the secretion of K+ into the filtrate?

back 107

Aldosterone

front 108

What accounts for the route through which most fluid is lost in a day?

back 108

Urine

front 109

The body's water volume is closely tied to a powerful water "magnet." What magnet is referred to here?

back 109

ionic sodium

front 110

What is the effect of hyperventilation on pH?

back 110

respiratory alkalosis

front 111

A decrease in blood CO2 levels leads to __________.

back 111

an increase in blood pH

front 112

Which of the following is the only logical explanation for why hypocalcemia increases neuromuscular excitability and causes muscle tetany?

back 112

Low plasma calcium ion concentration increases the permeability of neuron membranes to sodium ions, thereby causing depolarization that in turn increases the likelihood of action potentials being generated.

front 113

Which chemical buffer system is the only important system in the extracellular fluid (ECF) that resists short-term changes in pH?

back 113

bicarbonate buffer system

front 114

Hypersecretion of aldosterone results in hypokalemia, which causes hyperpolarization of neurons; this in turn results in ______.

back 114

the need for a stronger than normal stimulus in order to trigger an action potential

front 115

What is the most common cation found in the interstitial fluid?

back 115

Na+

front 116

Which buffer system is the most abundant in the body?

back 116

Protein

front 117

Where is the majority of water stored in the human body?

back 117

intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment

front 118

Which of the following creates the greatest osmotic pressure?

back 118

H3PO4

front 119

Starvation would cause which of the following acid-base conditions? Also, determine what type of compensation (metabolic or respiratory) there would be.

back 119

metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation

front 120

A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.2, pCO2 = 55 mmHg, and HCO3¯ = 30 mEq/L. What is the acid base imbalance?

back 120

respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation

front 121

A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.5, pCO2 = 45 mmHg, and HCO3¯ = 30 mEq/L. What is the acid-base imbalance?

back 121

metabolic alkalosis with no compensation

front 122

A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.2, pCO2 = 25 mmHg, and HCO3¯ = 18 mEq/L. What is the acid base imbalance?

back 122

metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation

front 123

Diarrhea can lead to which acid/base disturbance? Assuming compensation, would it be a metabolic or respiratory compensation?

back 123

metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation

front 124

Emphysema can lead to which acid/base disturbance? What would be the compensation?

back 124

respiratory acidosis; kidneys will retain more HCO3 and excrete H+

front 125

This chemical equation shows the reaction of a strong acid and weak base in the bicarbonate buffer system. Provide the products of the following reaction. HCl + NaHCO3 -->

back 125

H2CO3 + NaCl

front 126

In order to buffer a strong acid into a weak acid, which has a less dramatic effect on pH, what chemical should be used as the buffer?

back 126

weak base

front 127

What solute in body fluids determines most of their chemical and physical reactions?

back 127

Electrolytes

front 128

In a given day, what is the typical value for water intake?

back 128

2500 ml

front 129

The most common cause of acid-base imbalance is __________.

back 129

respiratory acidosis

front 130

Which of the following is NOT a hormone involved in water and electrolyte balance?

back 130

Thyroxine

front 131

Select the person in the following list who would have the highest percentage of water in his or her body.

back 131

a 6-month-old baby boy

front 132

Which hormone raises blood calcium levels?

back 132

PTH

front 133

The role of ADH is to __________.

back 133

increase water reabsorption

front 134

How much water is generated per day from cellular metabolism?

back 134

250 ml

front 135

What is the most important trigger for aldosterone release?

back 135

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

front 136

Which age group most commonly has fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance issues?

back 136

Infants

front 137

What results from increased levels of aldosterone?

back 137

increased Na+ reabsorption

front 138

Of the three buffering mechanisms in the body, which is the strongest?

back 138

renal system

front 139

The bicarbonate buffer system is one of the chemical buffer systems of the body. How would the bicarbonate buffer system work if sodium hydroxide were added to a solution?

back 139

A hydrogen on carbonic acid would dissociate and join the hydroxyl group on the base to form water and sodium bicarbonate.

front 140

The respiratory system is one of the three systems that regulate acid-base balance in the body. How does it work to decrease an acidosis?

back 140

Carbonic acid is broken down into water and CO2; the CO2 is then exhaled.

front 141

In a respiratory acidosis the kidney would do which of the following?

back 141

The kidney would reabsorb bicarbonate and secrete hydrogen ions.

front 142

Ingesting too much antacid would cause which of the following acid-base disturbances?

back 142

metabolic alkalosis

front 143

Severe anxiety would cause which type of acid-base disturbance? What would be the compensation?

back 143

respiratory alkalosis; kidneys would excrete HCO3

front 144

The most abundant cation in intracellular fluid is potassium.

back 144

TRUE

front 145

Which of the following is an electrolyte?

back 145

Potassium

front 146

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for dehydration?

back 146

increased muscle mass

front 147

A patient is discovered to have a strange craving for iron objects. To try to determine the cause, her physician decides to order tests to determine if this patient might have some type of ______.

back 147

Anemia

front 148

The most important renal mechanism for regulating acid-base balance of the blood involves __________.

back 148

maintaining HCO3- balance.

front 149

What type of water imbalance increases the amount of fluid in all compartments?

back 149

hypotonic hydration

front 150

Which of the following abnormalities would not be observed in a patient who has Addison's disease?

back 150

Hypertension

front 151

What is the most abundant intracellular anion?

back 151

HPO4^2-

front 152

What is the most important trigger for aldosterone release?

back 152

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

front 153

Annie has just eaten a large order of heavily salted french fries, some pickled eggs, and some cheese. How will consuming this much salt affect her physiology?

back 153

There will be a temporary increase in blood volume.

front 154

After traveling from Los Angeles to Denver, Claire finds she is not feeling well and checks into a clinic for help. What is the diagnosis, and what has caused this problem?

back 154

Respiratory alkalosis caused by hyperventilation. Claire is experiencing the effect of the high altitude, breathing faster and deeper to raise her oxygen levels in her blood.

front 155

Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most ________ is found in the intracellular fluid.

back 155

Potassium

front 156

Respiratory acidosis can occur when ________.

back 156

a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction

front 157

The fluid that bathes the cells found in tissues is called __________.

back 157

interstitial fluid

front 158

A 13-year-old girl is admitted to the psychiatric unit for anorexia. Her body weight is 89 lbs. and height is 64 inches. She admits to frequent self-induced vomiting and abuse of laxatives. She was treated on the medical unit with intravenous fluids. Now that she is on the psychiatric unit she is experiencing fluid retention as evidenced by mild puffiness and bloating. Why did she get these symptoms?

back 158

The abuse of laxatives and self-induced vomiting caused her to be chronically fluid and electrolyte depleted. She developed a compensatory increased production of aldosterone and ADH.

front 159

A patient is 72 years old and was admitted to the hospital for severe shortness of breath and edema to her lower extremities. She was diagnosed with heart failure. Which side of the heart failed, and how did this cause edema?

back 159

The right side of the heart failed, causing edema in her lower extremities. The failure to pump blood around the pulmonary circulation caused pooling of blood in the systemic circulation, leading to edema.

front 160

Total body water is not a function of which of the following?

back 160

amount of water ingested

front 161

An atypical accumulation of fluid in the interstitial fluid

back 161

edema

front 162

A condition of unusually low levels of plasma resulting in tissue edema.

back 162

Hypoproteinemia

front 163

A disorder entailing deficient mineralocorticoid hormone production by the adrenal cortex

back 163

Addisons disease

front 164

Regulates sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid

back 164

Aldosterone

front 165

A condition due to excessive water intake that results in net osmosis into tissue cells. This leads to severe metabolic disturbances.

back 165

hyponatremia

front 166

The regulation of potassium balance ________.

back 166

involves aldosterone-induced secretion of potassium

front 167

Hypoproteinemia is a condition of unusually low levels of plasma proteins. This problem is often characterized by ________.

back 167

tissue edema

front 168

To remain properly hydrated, water intake must equal water output.

back 168

TRUE

front 169

Premenstrual edema may be due to enhanced reabsorption of sodium chloride.

back 169

TRUE

front 170

Potassium balance is controlled mainly by renal mechanisms.

back 170

TRUE

front 171

Solutes, regardless of size, are able to move freely between compartments because water carries them along the osmotic gradients.

back 171

False

front 172

Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts?

back 172

Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts.

front 173

The most abundant cation in intracellular fluid is sodium.

back 173

FALSE

front 174

What is the driving force for water intake?

back 174

Thirst

front 175

Which of the choices below exerts primary control over sodium levels in the body?

back 175

Aldosterone

front 176

Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of sodium while enhancing potassium secretion.

back 176

TRUE

front 177

Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is breathing rapidly. Given your knowledge of acid-base balance, which of the following is most likely?

back 177

metabolic acidosis

front 178

PTH (parathyroid hormone) acts on the __________ to __________ Ca2+ reabsorption.

back 178

DCT; increase

front 179

Water imbalance, in which output exceeds intake, causing an imbalance in body fluids, is termed dehydration.

back 179

TRUE

front 180

What receptors does the brain use to detect changes in osmolality?

back 180

Osmoreceptors

front 181

A patient is breathing slowly and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high value. What is the likely diagnosis?

back 181

metabolic alkalosis

front 182

The fluid link between the external and internal environment is ________.

back 182

Plasma

front 183

Weak acids are able to act as chemical buffering systems for the body because they partially dissociate.

back 183

TRUE

front 184

In a given day, what is the typical value for water intake?

back 184

2500 ml

front 185

When aldosterone release is inhibited, sodium reabsorption cannot occur beyond the distal convoluted tubule.

back 185

TRUE

front 186

The phosphate buffer system is relatively unimportant for buffering blood plasma.

back 186

TRUE

front 187

Although the sodium content of the body may be altered, its concentration in the ECF remains relatively stable because of immediate adjustments in water volume.

back 187

TRUE

front 188

What hormone helps to maintain extracellular fluid (ECF) osmolality when concentrations become too high?

back 188

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

front 189

The single most important factor influencing potassium ion secretion is ________.

back 189

potassium ion concentration in blood plasma

front 190

The term hypotonic hydration refers to ________.

back 190

a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking extraordinary amounts of water

front 191

Electrolytes determine most of the chemical and physical reactions of body fluids.

back 191

TRUE

front 192

Atrial natriuretic peptide reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasodilation and potassium and water retention.

back 192

FALSE

front 193

Hypoproteinemia reflects a condition of unusually high levels of plasma proteins and causes tissue edema.

back 193

FALSE

front 194

Which of the following conditions promotes edema?

back 194

Hypoproteinemia

front 195

What is the hallmark of hypotonic hydration?

back 195

Hyponatremia

front 196

What is the most abundant intracellular cation?

back 196

K+

front 197

The regulation of sodium ________.

back 197

is linked to blood pressure

front 198

The normal pH of blood is 7.35-7.45.

back 198

TRUE

front 199

Which of the following is not a disorder of water balance?

back 199

excessive hydration due to excess ANP secretion

front 200

Salts are lost from the body in perspiration, and urine only.

back 200

FALSE

front 201

A patient's anxiety caused her to develop respiratory alkalosis. What breathing technique did the nurse recommend, and why?

back 201

The nurse instructed the patient to breathe slower and deeper, and to breathe into a paper bag. This will increase the patient's blood level of carbon dioxide by eliminating less carbon dioxide from the lungs, and by breathing in the expired air which has a higher concentration of carbon dioxide. As a result, the blood pH will decrease.

front 202

Which of the following is not a trigger for juxtaglomerular granular cells to release renin?

back 202

increased extracellular fluid water levels

front 203

A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates ________.

back 203

respiratory acidosis

front 204

The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the ________ buffer system.

back 204

Bicarbonate

front 205

Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts?

back 205

Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts.

front 206

A patient is admitted to the hospital in complete collapse. His blood pH is 6.8, and his HCO3- is 20 mEq/L. A medical history reveals that this patient is a chronic alcoholic. What diagnosis would you give, and what prognosis?

back 206

The pH and bicarbonate levels and the history of alcoholism indicate metabolic acidosis. The patient will go into a coma and death soon follows.

front 207

Hypercalcemia causes muscle tetany.

back 207

FALSE

front 208

Which of the following hormones is important in stimulating water conservation in the kidneys?

back 208

antidiuretic hormone

front 209

Which portion of the penis is removed through a procedure known as circumcision?

back 209

prepuce (foreskin)

front 210

What is the role of the corpus luteum?

back 210

to produce hormones that maintain the uterine lining during the first months of pregnancy

front 211

In cervical cancer, which cancer cells that cover the cervical tip are most likely to be abnormal?

back 211

squamous epithelial cells

front 212

When a couple is having difficulty conceiving a child, it is necessary to investigate the sperm of the male.

back 212

TRUE

front 213

Select the correct statement about male sexual response.

back 213

Erection is the result of vascular spaces in the erectile tissues filling with blood.

front 214

The corpus luteum secretes progesterone only.

back 214

FALSE

front 215

A 38-year-old male is upset about his low sperm count and visits a "practitioner" who commonly advertises his miracle cures of sterility. The practitioner is a quack who treats conditions of low sperm count with megadoses of testosterone. The patient experiences a huge surge in libido. Would this treatment result in a higher or lower sperm count, and why?

back 215

Lower sperm count. High levels of testosterone inhibit the release of GnRH, inhibiting FSH release, resulting in direct inhibition of spermatogenesis.

front 216

Gametes are produced by meiosis.

back 216

TRUE

front 217

Prostate cancer is _______.

back 217

sometimes a slow-growing cancer that may never represent a threat to the patient

front 218

Sperm is stored in the __________.

back 218

Epididymis

front 219

Why CAN'T polar bodies be fertilized?

back 219

Polar bodies lack nutrient-containing cytoplasm.

front 220

The amount of testosterone and sperm produced by the testes is dependent on the influence of FSH alone.

back 220

FALSE

front 221

The constancy of the chromosome number from one cell generation to the next is maintained through ________.

back 221

Mitosis

front 222

Which layer of the uterine wall is made of smooth muscle?

back 222

Myometrium

front 223

A scrotal muscle that contracts in response to cold environmental temperature is the cremaster.

back 223

TRUE

front 224

What is the pigmented ring of skin situated slightly below the center of each breast?

back 224

Areola

front 225

What part of the breast produces milk?

back 225

Alveoli

front 226

The primary function of the testes is to produce testosterone.

back 226

FALSE

front 227

Which of the following is the site where sperm are stored until they are ejaculated?

back 227

tail of the epididymis

front 228

Human egg and sperm are similar in that ________.

back 228

they have the same number of chromosomes

front 229

Sperm are ejaculated from the corpora cavernosa of the penis.

back 229

FALSE

front 230

A boy who has not passed through puberty sustains an injury to his anterior pituitary such that FSH is no longer released, but LH is normal. After he grows to maturity, one would expect that he would ________.

back 230

be sterile

front 231

The Pap smear is a test to detect cancerous changes in cells of the cervix.

back 231

TRUE

front 232

Which of the following inhibits the release of FSH from the anterior pituitary and GnRH from the hypothalamus when the sperm count is high?

back 232

Inhibin

front 233

The number of chromosomes in a human gamete is __________; this is referred to as the __________ chromosome number.

back 233

23; haploid

front 234

The most important risk for testicular cancer in young males is ________.

back 234

undescended testes

front 235

Specifically, what encloses the vestibule which houses the openings of the urethra and vagina?

back 235

labia minora

front 236

Why are the male testes located in the scrotum outside the body?

back 236

Immature sperm are temperature sensitive.

front 237

What is the product of spermatogenesis?

back 237

formation of haploid spermatozoa

front 238

It is necessary for the testes to be kept below body temperature for abundant, viable sperm formation.

back 238

TRUE

front 239

Which of the following cells is released during ovulation?

back 239

secondary oocyte

front 240

Which of the following glands are responsible for 60% of the synthesis of semen?

back 240

the seminal glands

front 241

The molecule that enhances the ability of testosterone to promote spermatogenesis is inhibin.

back 241

FALSE

front 242

The prostate atrophies as a man ages, and it usually causes no health problems.

back 242

FALSE

front 243

Which male hormone inhibits the secretion of FSH?

back 243

Inhibin

front 244

The male urethra serves the urinary system only.

back 244

FALSE

front 245

Why does meiosis involve two nuclear divisions rather than one, as in mitosis?

back 245

Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half.

front 246

The mammary glands belong to which of the following systems?

back 246

integumentary system

front 247

Ovarian follicles contain mature eggs.

back 247

FALSE

front 248

What are the two fatty, hair-covered skin folds that run posteriorly from the mons pubis?

back 248

labia majora

front 249

What part of the female duct system is the usual site of fertilization of the ovulated oocyte?

back 249

uterine (fallopian) tube (oviduct)

front 250

A human egg or sperm contains 23 pairs of chromosomes.

back 250

FALSE

front 251

Although effective in treating erectile dysfunction, Viagra has the side effect of reducing systemic blood pressure by causing ______.

back 251

relaxation of muscle tissue in arteries

front 252

Which layer of the uterus is the site for implantation of a fertilized egg?

back 252

stratum functionalis of the endometrium

front 253

Which of the following conditions might contribute to an increased probability of having an ectopic pregnancy?

back 253

decreased number of cilia in the uterine tubes

front 254

Which of the following does NOT add substances to seminal fluid?

back 254

Urethra

front 255

What is the function of the blood testis barrier?

back 255

to prevent activation of the immune system of the male against the developing sperm

front 256

Failure to attain erection is called erectile dysfunction.

back 256

TRUE

front 257

A surge in __________ directly triggers ovulation.

back 257

luteinizing hormone (LH)

front 258

Nondisjunction may occur due to ______.

back 258

All of the listed responses are correct.

front 259

The __________ develop into the male duct system.

back 259

mesonephric ducts

front 260

Why does only one egg, rather than four eggs, develop during oogenesis, given that spermatogenesis results in four sperm formed from one stem cell?

back 260

The unequal cytoplasmic division that results in one egg and three polar bodies ensures that a fertilized egg has ample nutrients for its journey to the uterus.

front 261

The testes are innervated by the sympathetic division of the ANS only.

back 261

FALSE

front 262

Viable sperm production is optimal at the body's core temperature.

back 262

FALSE

front 263

Extremely stressful physical activity in young females can result in excessive bone mass due to large amounts of estrogen production.

back 263

FALSE

front 264

A varicocele may hinder blood flow through the pampiniform venous plexus; the reduced venous drainage and the resulting elevated testicular temperature may be caused by ______.

back 264

defective venous valves in the testis

front 265

Select the correct statement about the uterine cycle.

back 265

If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the developing embryo.

front 266

During vasectomy, what accessory duct is cut as a form of birth control?

back 266

ductus (vas) deferens

front 267

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is the main androgen that is associated with female libido.

back 267

TRUE

front 268

During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle ________.

back 268

progesterone levels are at their highest

front 269

The release of __________ encourages interstitial endocrine cells to release __________.

back 269

luteinizing hormone; testosterone

front 270

Normally menstruation occurs when ________.

back 270

blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease

front 271

The "master switch" for male reproductive development is ________.

back 271

the SRY gene

front 272

During the secretory phase of the uterine cycle __________.

back 272

the endometrium prepares for implantation

front 273

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the vagina of an adult female?

back 273

The pH of the adult vagina is alkaline.

front 274

Oocytes only complete meiosis II if they are fertilized.

back 274

TRUE

front 275

Which of these male accessory ducts transports both sperm and urine?

back 275

Urethra

front 276

The duct system of the male reproductive system does not include the ________.

back 276

corpus spongiosum

front 277

Which of the following is an effect of estrogen in females?

back 277

promotes oogenesis

front 278

Genetic variation of individual chromosomes occurs during __________.

back 278

prophase I

front 279

Which cells produce androgens such as testosterone?

back 279

interstitial endocrine (Leydig) cells

front 280

Which of the following is housed within the spermatic cord?

back 280

testicular arteries and veins

front 281

Which of the following keeps the concentration of testosterone in the vicinity of the spermatogenic cells high to stimulate spermatogenesis?

back 281

androgen-binding protein (ABP)

front 282

During meiosis, what does crossover promote?

back 282

Crossover promotes increased genetic variability among gametes.

front 283

Why does meiosis involve two nuclear divisions rather than one, as in mitosis?

back 283

Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half.

front 284

The cells that produce testosterone in the testis are called ________.

back 284

interstitial endocrine cells

front 285

At what point during meiosis do homologous chromosomes pair up?

back 285

prophase I

front 286

The ability of sperm cells to move along the ductus deferens is due to ________.

back 286

peristaltic contractions

front 287

Effects of estrogen include ________.

back 287

growth of the breasts at puberty

front 288

If an untrained person induces an abortion and severely punctures the posterior vaginal wall, there is a potential risk of the puncture wound extending onward into the wall of the ______.

back 288

Rectum

front 289

Which is not a part of the proliferative phase of the female menstrual cycle?

back 289

corpus luteum

front 290

Occasionally three polar bodies are found clinging to the mature ovum. One came from an unequal division of the ovum, but from where did the other two arise?

back 290

The first polar body has also divided to produce two polar bodies.

front 291

Which of the following may aggravate the symptoms of a prolapsed uterus?

back 291

All of the listed responses are correct.

front 292

Which of the following is a correct statement about uterine tubes?

back 292

The infundibulum is the funnel-shaped region near the ovary.

front 293

Which of the following is an INCORRECT matching of female reproductive structures with their functions?

back 293

uterine tube/transport unfertilized ovum to uterus for removal from the body

front 294

Which of the following is considered a primary sex organ in females?

back 294

Ovary

front 295

Amenorrhea can occur in women engaged in extremely strenuous physical activity, and also occurs in women who ______.

back 295

are pregnant

front 296

Which of the following will occur after ovulation?

back 296

The endometrium enters its secretory phase.

front 297

Which of the following results from spermiogenesis?

back 297

Sperm

front 298

At what point during meiosis do homologous chromosomes pair up?

back 298

prophase I

front 299

The __________ connects the uterus to the vagina.

back 299

Cervix

front 300

Which hormone promotes the formation of secondary sex characteristics such as the appearance of pubic, axillary, and facial hair, enhanced hair growth on the chest, and a deepening voice?

back 300

Testosterone

front 301

Which hormone is absolutely necessary for ovulation to occur?

back 301

LH

front 302

Which of the following occurs during spermiogenesis?

back 302

sperm are produced

front 303

The ovaries are situated in the peritoneal cavity flanking the uterus.

back 303

TRUE

front 304

Enzymes that allow sperm to penetrate the egg are located in the __________ of the sperm cell.

back 304

Acrosome

front 305

The brain-testicular axis ________.

back 305

involves FSH and LH release

front 306

If embryonic testes do not produce testosterone, a genetic male develops female external genitalia. However, if embryonic testes properly produce testosterone, but a genetic male nevertheless develops female external genitalia, the cause could be ______.

back 306

a mutation in the gene that codes for the testosterone receptor

front 307

The __________, a layer of the endometrium, is shed during each menstruation and is then regenerated by the __________.

back 307

stratum functionalis; stratum basalis

front 308

Sperm is produced in the __________ of the testes.

back 308

seminiferous tubules

front 309

In humans, separation of the cells at the two-cell state following fertilization may lead to the production of twins, which in this case would be ________.

back 309

Identical

front 310

Spermatogenesis ________.

back 310

involves a kind of cell division limited to the gametes

front 311

A low secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the normal male adult would cause ________.

back 311

decreased testosterone secretion

front 312

When it is cold, the scrotum is pulled away from the body.

back 312

FALSE

front 313

The secretions of the bulbo-urethral glands neutralize traces of acidic urine in the urethra and serve as a lubricant during sexual intercourse.

back 313

TRUE

front 314

A man who has had a successful orchiectomy may still be able to have children because ______.

back 314

All of the listed responses are correct.

front 315

Select the correct statement about testosterone control.

back 315

GnRH from the hypothalamus causes FSH and LH release from the anterior pituitary.

front 316

The ability of a male to ejaculate is due to the action of ________.

back 316

the bulbospongiosus muscles

front 317

Which of the following hormones stimulates the release of anterior pituitary gonadotropins?

back 317

GnRH

front 318

The dartos and cremaster muscles are important to the integrity of the male reproductive system. Which of the following is true about the role they play?

back 318

They regulate the temperature of the testes.

front 319

How do the testes respond to exposure to excessive body warmth?

back 319

They move away from the pelvic cavity.

front 320

Which structure of the female's external genitalia has erectile tissue like the penis?

back 320

Clitoris

front 321

Erection of the penis results from ________.

back 321

a parasympathetic reflex

front 322

The stage in meiosis where chromosomal exchange takes place is telophase.

back 322

FALSE

front 323

Which of the following phases or processes in the monthly reproductive cycle of the female occur simultaneously?

back 323

regression of the corpus luteum and a decrease in ovarian progesterone secretion

front 324

Which of the following cells is returned to the basal lamina to continue the pool of dividing germ cells?

back 324

type A daughter cell or spermatogonium

front 325

The testis is divided into seminiferous tubules which contain the lobules that produce sperm and the ejaculatory duct that allows the sperm to be ejected from the body.

back 325

FALSE

front 326

Specifically, what encloses the vestibule which houses the openings of the urethra and vagina?

back 326

labia minora

front 327

Viable sperm production is optimal at the body's core temperature.

back 327

FALSE

front 328

Which of the following organs is NOT a part of the HPG axis?

back 328

posterior pituitary gland

front 329

The testicular cells that construct the blood-testis barrier are the ________.

back 329

Sustenocytes

front 330

Which specific layer of the uterus is shed during menstruation, approximately every 28 days?

back 330

stratum functionalis of the endometrium

front 331

Which of the following is the haploid cell produced as a result of meiosis I?

back 331

secondary spermatocyte